ID=1
EN=abdomen
Etimol=(L., possibly from abdere to hide)
def=  that portion of the body which lies between the thorax and the pelvis; called also belly and venter. It contains a cavity (abdominal cavity) separated by the diaphragm from the thoracic cavity, above and by the plane of the pelvic inlet from the pelvic cavity below, and lined with a serous membrane, the peritoneum. This cavity contains the abdominal viscera and is enclosed by a wall (abdominal wall or parietes) formed by the abdominal muscles, vertebral column, and the ilia. It is divided into nine regions by four imaginary lines projected onto the anterior wall, of which two pass horizontally around the body (the upper at the level of the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower at the tops of the crests of the ilia), and two extend vertically on each side of the body from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the centre of the inguinal ligament, as in A below. The regions are : three upper - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac; three middle - right lateral, umbilical, left lateral; and three lower - right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal).

ID=2
EN=abdominal
Etimol=(L. abdominalis)
def=  pertaining to the abdomen.

ID=3
EN=aberrant
Etimol=(L. aberrans, ab from + errare to wander)
def=  wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course.

ID=4
EN=abnormal
Etimol=(ab- + L. norma rule)
def=  not normal; contrary to the usual structure, position, behaviour, or rule.

ID=5
EN=abortion
Etimol=(L. abortio)
def= =1. the premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception.
	=2. premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process.

ID=6
EN=abrasion
Etimol=(L. abrasio)
def= =1. the wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process.
	=2. an area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process.

ID=7
EN=abrupt
def= sudden and unexpected.

ID=8
EN=abscess
Etimol=(L. abscessus, from ab away + cedere to go)
def=  a localized collection of pus caused by suppuration buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces.

ID=9
EN=absence
def= see petit mal epilepsy, under epilepsy.

ID=10
EN=absorption
Etimol=(L. absorptio)
def= =1. the uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin, intestine, and kidney tubules.
	=2. in psychology, devotion of thought to one object or activity, with inattention to others.
	=3. in radiology, the taking up of energy by matter with which the radiation interacts.

ID=11
EN=abstinence
def= a refraining from the use of or indulgence in food, stimulants, or sexual intercourse.

ID=12
EN=accidental
def= happening unexpectedly or by chance.

ID=13
EN=accommodation
Etimol=(L. accommodare to fit to)
def=  adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances.

ID=14
EN=accumulation
def= the action or process of accumulating; state of being or having accumulated; a collecting together.

ID=15
EN=acidity
def= L. aciditas) the quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions).

ID=16
EN=acidosis
def= a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.

ID=17
EN=acne
Etimol=(possibly a corruption of Greek akm a point or of achn chaff)
def=  an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, the specific type usually being indicated by a modifying term; frequently used alone to designate common acne, or acne vulgaris.

ID=18
EN=acrocyanosis
Etimol=(acro- + cyanosis)
def=  a condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. Called also Raynaud's sign.

ID=19
EN=ACTH
def= adrenocorticotropic hormone.

ID=20
EN=activate
def= =1.to render activity.
	=2.to become active.
	=3.to convert (a compound, as a provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2 for use in treating rickets).








ID=20
EN=activate
def= =1.to render activity.
	=2.to become active.
	=3.to convert (a compound, as a provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2 for use in treating rickets).

ID=21
EN=active
def= characterized by action; not passive; not expectant.

ID=22
EN=activity
def= =1. the state of being active; the ability to produce some effect; the extent of some function or action.
	=2. a thermodynamic quantity that represents the effective concentration of a solute in a nonideal solution; if concentrations are replaced by activities, the equations for equilibrium constants, electrode potentials, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressures of volatile solutes are converted from approximations that hold only for dilute solutions to exact equations that hold for all concentrations. The activity is equal to the product of the concentration and the activity coefficient, a dimensionless number measuring deviation from nonideality. Symbol a.
	=3. radioactivity; the number of disintegrations per unit time of a radioactive material, measured in curies or becquerels. Symbol A.
	=4. optical activity.

ID=23
EN=acuity
Etimol=(L. acuitas sharpness)
def=  clarity or clearness, especially of the vision.

ID=24
EN=acute
Etimol=(L. acutus sharp)
def= =1. sharp, poignant.
	=2. having a short and relatively severe course.

ID=25
EN=adaptation
Etimol=(L. adaptare to fit)
def= =1. the adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness.
	=2. the normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations.
	=3. the decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation.
	=4. in dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth.
	=5. in microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment.

ID=26
EN=addiction
def= the state of being given up to some habit, especially strong dependence on a drug.

ID=27
EN=additional
def= existing or coming by way of addition; added, further.

ID=28
EN=additive
def= =1. characterized by addition.
	=2. a substance, as a flavouring agent, preservative, or vitamin, added to another substance to improve its appearance, increase its nutritional value, etc.

ID=29
EN=adenitis
def= inflammation of a gland.

ID=30
EN=adenoma
Etimol=(adeno- + -oma)
def=  a benign epithelial tumour in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium.

ID=31
EN=adequate
def= satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient.

ID=32
EN=adhesion
Etimol=(L. adhaesio, from adhaerere to stick to)
def= =1. the property of remaining in close proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules to a substance, or the molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of contacting bodies.
	=2. the stable joining of parts to each other, which may occur abnormally.
	=3. a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnormally adhere.

ID=33
EN=adjuvant
Etimol=(L. adjuvans aiding)
def=  a substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response.

ID=34
EN=adnexitis
def= inflammation of the adnexa uteri.

ID=35
EN=adolescent
def= an individual during the period of adolescence.

ID=36
EN=adrenergic
def= activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres.

ID=37
EN=adrenolytic
Etimol=(adreno + Gr. lysis a loosening)
def=  inhibiting the action of adrenergic nerves; inhibiting the response to epinephrine.

ID=38
EN=adsorption
Etimol=(L. ad to + sorbere to suck)
def=  the attachment of one substance to the surface of another; the concentration of a gas or a substance in solution in a liquid on a surface in contact with the gas or liquid, resulting in a relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the surface. Cf. absorption.

ID=39
EN=adult
Etimol=(L. adultus grown up)
def=  a living organism which has attained full growth or maturity.








ID=40
EN=adverse
def= harmful.

ID=41
EN=advice
def= the way in which one regards something : view, opinion; recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct : counsel.

ID=42
EN=aerobic
def= =1. having molecular oxygen present.
	=2. growing, living, or occurring in the presence of molecular oxygen.
	=3. requiring oxygen for respiration.

ID=43
EN=aerophagy
Etimol=(aero + Gr. phagein to eat)
def=  excessive swallowing of air, usually an unconscious process associated with anxiety, resulting in abdominal distention or belching, often interpreted by the patient as signs of a physical disorder.

ID=44
EN=aerosol
def= a solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy.

ID=45
EN=aetiology
def= study of the causes of disease.

ID=46
EN=affinity
Etimol=(L. affinitas relationship)
def= =1. inherent likeness or relationship.
	=2. a special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure.
	=3. chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction.
	=4. the strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex.
	=5. in immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant).
	=6. the reciprocal of the dissociation constant.

ID=47
EN=afterload
def= the tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction.

ID=48
EN=agalactia
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. gala milk + ia)
def=  absence or failure of the secretion of milk; called also agalactosis.

ID=49
EN=agammaglobulinaemia
Etimol=(a neg. + gamma globulin + -emia)
def=  absence of all classes of immunoglobulins in the blood.

ID=50
EN=agent
Etimol=(L. agens acting)
def=  any power, principle, or substance capable of producing an effect, whether physical, chemical, or biological.

ID=51
EN=aggravation
def= an increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse.

ID=52
EN=aggregation
def= massing of materials together as in clumping.

ID=53
EN=aggressiveness
def= the quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable).

ID=54
EN=agitation
def= a state of anxiety accompanied by motor restlessness.

ID=55
EN=agonist
def= in anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances.

ID=56
EN=agranulocytosis
def= a symptom complex characterized by marked decrease in the number of granulocytes and by lesions of the throat and other mucous membranes, of the gastrointestinal tract, and of the skin; called also granulocytopenia and Schultz's disease.

ID=57
EN=akathisia
Etimol=(a- neg. + Gr. kathisis a sitting down + -ia)
def= =1. a condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs.
	=2. an inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so.

ID=58
EN=akinesia
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. kinsis motion + ia)
def= =1. absence or poverty of movements.
	=2. the temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine.

ID=59
EN=albumin
Etimol=(albumen + -in)
def= =1. any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat.
	=2. serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease.








ID=60
EN=alcoholism
def= a disorder characterized by pathological pattern of alcohol use that causes a serious impairment in social or occupational functioning. In DSN III-R this is termed alcohol abuse or, if tolerance or withdrawal is present, alcohol dependence.

ID=61
EN=alert
def= attentive and quick to think or act.

ID=62
EN=alimentary
def= pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion.

ID=63
EN=alkaline
Etimol=(L. alkalinus)
def=  having the reactions of an alkali.

ID=64
EN=alkaloid
Etimol=(alkali + -oid)
def=  one of a large group of nitrogenous basis substances found in plants. They are usually very bitter and many are pharmacologically active. Examples are atropine, caffeine, coniine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine. The term is also applied to synthetic substances (artificial a's) which have structures similar to plant alkaloids, such as procaine.

ID=65
EN=alkalosis
def= a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid without comparable loss of base in the body fluids, and characterized by decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (increase in pH). Cf. acidosis.

ID=66
EN=alkylate
def= to treat with an alkylating agent.

ID=67
EN=allergen
Etimol=(allergy + -gen)
def=  a antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy).

ID=68
EN=allergic
def= pertaining to, caused by, affected with, or of the nature of allergy.

ID=69
EN=allergy
Etimol=(Gr. allos other + ergon work)
def= =1. a state of hypersensitivity induced by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on subsequent exposures; the term is usually used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) or to drug allergy; the original meaning, now obsolete, included all states of altered immunologic reactivity, immunity as well as hypersensitivity. Gell and Coombs used the term 'allergic reaction' to mean any harmful immunologic reaction causing tissue injury.
	=2. the medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders.

ID=70
EN=alopecia
Etimol=(Gr. alpekia a disease in which the hair falls out)
def=  baldness; absence of the hair from skin areas where it normally is present.

ID=71
EN=alternate
def= cause to occur or appear one after the other.

ID=72
EN=alternative
def= available in place of something else.

ID=73
EN=alveolitis
def= inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis.

ID=74
EN=amblyopia
Etimol=(ambly + -opia)
def=  impairment of vision without detectable organic lesion of the eye.

ID=75
EN=ambulant
Etimol=(L. ambulans walking)
def=  walking or able to walk.

ID=76
EN=amenorrhea
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow)
def=  absence or abnormal stoppage of the menses; called also amenia.

ID=77
EN=amine
def= an organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds.

ID=78
EN=amino acid
def= any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA.

ID=79
EN=amnesia
Etimol=(Gr. amnsia forgetfulness)
def=  lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences.








ID=80
EN=amnion
Etimol=(Gr. "bowl";"membrane enveloping the fetus")
def=  the thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid around it; in mammals it is derived from trophoblast by folding or splitting.

ID=81
EN=ampoule
def= a small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule).

ID=82
EN=anabolic
def= relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism.

ID=83
EN=anaemia
Etimol=(Gr. an neg. + haima blood + -ia)
def=  a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed.

ID=84
EN=anaerobic
def= =1. lacking molecular oxygen.
	=2. growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe.

ID=85
EN=anaesthesia
Etimol=(an neg. + Gr. aisthsis sensation)
def=  loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

ID=86
EN=anaesthetic
def= =1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia.
	=2. a drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain.

ID=87
EN=anal
def= pertaining to the anus.

ID=88
EN=analeptic
Etimol=(Gr. analepsis a repairing)
def=  a drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc.

ID=89
EN=analgesic
def= an agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness.

ID=90
EN=analogous
Etimol=(Gr. analogos according to a due ratio, conformable, proportionate)
def=  resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development; cf. homologous.

ID=91
EN=analysis
Etimol=(ana + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  separation into component parts or elements; the act of determining the component parts of a substance.

ID=92
EN=anamnesis
Etimol=(Gr. anamnsis a recalling)
def= =1. recollection.
	=2. a medical or psychiatric patient history, as opposed to catamnesis (follow-up).
	=3. immunologic memory.

ID=93
EN=anaphylactic
def= pertaining to anaphylaxis.

ID=94
EN=anastomosis
Etimol=(Gr. anastomosis opening, outlet)
def=  an opening created by surgical, traumatic or pathological means between two normally separate spaces or organs.

ID=95
EN=anatomical
def= pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism.

ID=96
EN=androgenic
def= producing masculine characteristics.

ID=97
EN=anergic
Etimol=(an + Gr. ergon work)
def= =1. characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive.
	=2. marked by asthenia or lack of energy.
	=3. pertaining to anergy.

ID=98
EN=aneurysm
Etimol=(Gr. aneurysma a widening)
def=  a sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. The chief signs of arterial aneurysm are the formation of a pulsating tumour, and often a bruit (aneurysmal bruit) heard over the swelling. Sometimes there are symptoms from pressure on contiguous parts.

ID=99
EN=angiitis
Etimol=(angi- + -tis)
def=  inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis.








ID=100
EN=anginal
def= pertaining to or characteristic of angina.

ID=101
EN=angina pectoris
def= a paroxysmal thoracic pain, with a failing of suffocation and impending death, due, most often, to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or excitement.

ID=102
EN=angioedema
def= a vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals.

ID=103
EN=angioneurotic
def= denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema.

ID=104
EN=anhydrous
Etimol=(an neg. + Gr. hydor water)
def=  deprived or destitute of water.

ID=105
EN=anionic
def= pertaining to or containing an anion.

ID=106
EN=anisocoria
Etimol=(aniso- + Gr. kor pupil + -ia)
def=  inequality in diameter of the pupils.

ID=107
EN=anogenital
def= pertaining to the anus and external genitals.

ID=108
EN=anomaly
Etimol=(Gr. anomalia)
def=  marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital defects.

ID=109
EN=anorectal
def= pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two.

ID=110
EN=anorexia
Etimol=(Gr. 'want of appetite')
def=  lack or loss of the appetite for food.

ID=111
EN=anosmia
Etimol=(an neg. + osm smell + -ia)
def=  absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia.

ID=112
EN=anovular
def= not accompanied with the discharge of an ovum.

ID=113
EN=anoxia
def= a total lack of oxygen; often used interchangeably with hypoxia to mean a reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues.

ID=114
EN=antacid
Etimol=(ant- + L. acidus sour)
def=  a substance that counteracts or neutralizes acidity, usually of the stomach.

ID=115
EN=antagonist
Etimol=(Gr. antagonists an opponent)
def=  a substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response.

ID=116
EN=antecedent
def= existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects.

ID=117
EN=anterograde
Etimol=(antero- + L. gredi to go)
def=  moving or extending forward; called also antegrade.

ID=118
EN=anthelmintic
Etimol=(ant- + Gr. helmins worm)
def=  an agent that is destructive to worms.

ID=119
EN=anthrax
Etimol=(Gr. 'coal', 'carbuncle')
def=  an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease usually acquired by ingestion of Bacillus anthracis or its spores from infected pastures by herbivores or indirectly from infected carcasses by carnivores. It is transmitted to humans usually by contact with infected animals or their discharges (agricultural a.) or with contaminated animal products (industrial a.). Anthrax is classified by primary routes of inoculation as : cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational. Called also charbon, milzbrand and splenic fever.








ID=120
EN=antiacid
def= an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (as an alkali or absorbent).

ID=121
EN=antiallergic
def= counteracting allergy or allergic conditions.

ID=122
EN=antianginal
def= counteracting angina or anginal conditions.

ID=123
EN=antiarrhythmic
def= an agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia.

ID=124
EN=antiasthmatic
def= an agent that relieves the spasm of asthma.

ID=125
EN=antibacterial
def= a substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction.

ID=126
EN=antibiogram
def= an examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient.

ID=127
EN=antibiotherapy
def= a therapy that uses antibiotics to treat infections.

ID=128
EN=antibiotic
Etimol=(anti- + Gr. bios life)
def=  a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals and plants.

ID=129
EN=antibody
def= an immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their ode of action as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, haemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, etc.

ID=130
EN=anticholinergic
Etimol=(anti- + cholinergic)
def=  an agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic.

ID=131
EN=anticoagulant
def= any substance that prevents blood clotting. Those administered for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic disorders are heparin, which inactivates thrombin and several other clotting factors and which must be administered parenterally, and the oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dicumarol, and congeners) which inhibit the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Anticoagulant solutions used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions are acid citrate dextrose (ACD), citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD), citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (cPDA-1) and heparin. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting of blood specimens for laboratory analysis are heparin and several substances that make calcium ions unavailable to the clotting process, including EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), citrate, oxalate, and fluoride.

ID=132
EN=anticonvulsant
def= an agent that prevents or relieves convulsions.

ID=133
EN=antidepressant
def= an agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

ID=134
EN=antidiabetic
def= an agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes.

ID=135
EN=antidiuretic
def= suppressing the rate of urine formation.

ID=136
EN=antidopaminergic
def= preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine.

ID=137
EN=antidote
Etimol=(L. antidotum, from Gr. anti against + didonai to give)
def=  a remedy for counteracting a poison.

ID=138
EN=antiemetic
Etimol=(anti + Gr. emetikos inclined to vomit)
def=  an agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant.

ID=139
EN=antiepileptic
def= an agent that combats epilepsy.








ID=140
EN=antiexudative
def= counteracting a process of exudation.

ID=141
EN=antifibrinolytic
def= inhibiting fibrinolysis.

ID=142
EN=antifungal
def= destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections.

ID=143
EN=antigen
Etimol=(antibody + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag.

ID=144
EN=antihistamine
def= a drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic.

ID=145
EN=antihypertensive
def= an agent that reduces high blood pressure.

ID=146
EN=anti-infective
def= an agent that so acts.

ID=147
EN=anti-inflammatory
def= counteracting or suppressing inflammation.

ID=148
EN=antimicrobial
def= killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth.

ID=149
EN=antimitotic
def= inhibiting or preventing mitosis.

ID=150
EN=antimycotic
def= suppressing the growth of fungi.

ID=151
EN=antineoplastic
def= inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells.

ID=152
EN=antioestrogenic
def= counteracting or suppressing oestrogenic activity

ID=153
EN=antioxidant
def= one of many widely used synthetic or natural substances added to a product to prevent or delay its deterioration by action of oxygen in the air. Rubber, paints, vegetable oils, and prepared foods commonly contain antioxidants.

ID=154
EN=antiphlogistic
def= an agent that counteracts inflammation and fever.

ID=155
EN=antiproliferative
def= counteracting a process of proliferation.

ID=156
EN=antipruritic
def= relieving or preventing itching.

ID=157
EN=antipsychotic
def= effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.

ID=158
EN=antipyretic
Etimol=(anti + Gr. pyretos fever)
def=  an agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge.

ID=159
EN=antiseptic
def= a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. Cf. disinfectant and germicide.








ID=160
EN=antispasmodic
def= an agent that relieves spasm.

ID=161
EN=antithrombotic
def= preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts.

ID=162
EN=antitoxin
def= a purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria.

ID=163
EN=antitumour
def= counteracting tumour formation.

ID=164
EN=antitussive
def= an agent that relieves or prevents cough.

ID=165
EN=antiviral
def= destroying viruses or suppressing their replication.

ID=166
EN=anuria
Etimol=(an neg. + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys; called also anuresis.

ID=167
EN=anus
Etimol=(L. 'ring', 'circle')
def=  the distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal.

ID=168
EN=anxiety
def= the unpleasant emotional state consisting of psychophysiological responses to anticipation of unreal or imagined danger, ostensibly resulting from unrecognized intrapsychic conflict. Physiological concomitants include increased heart rate, altered respiration rate, sweating, trembling, weakness, and fatigue; psychological concomitants include feelings of impending danger, powerlessness, apprehension, and tension.

ID=169
EN=anxiolytic
def= an anxiolytic or antianxiety agent.

ID=170
EN=apathy
Etimol=(Gr. apatheia)
def=  lack of feeling or emotion; indifference.

ID=171
EN=aphasia
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. phasis speech)
def=  defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written language, due to injury or disease of the brain centres.

ID=172
EN=aplasia
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. plassein to form)
def=  lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. Cf. hypoplasia.

ID=173
EN=aplastic anaemia
def= a form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes.

ID=174
EN=apnoea
def= cessation of breathing.

ID=175
EN=application
def= employment as a means; specific use.

ID=176
EN=approximate
def= approximal

ID=177
EN=aqueous
def= watery; prepared with water.

ID=178
EN=aromatic
Etimol=(L. aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos)
def=  having a spicy odour.

ID=179
EN=arrhythmia
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm)
def=  any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat, including sinus arrhythmia, premature beat, heart block, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, pulsus alternans, and paroxysmal tachycardia.








ID=180
EN=arrhythmogenic
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm + gennan to produce)
def=  producing or promoting arrhythmia.

ID=181
EN=arterial
def= pertaining to an artery or to the arteries.

ID=182
EN=arteriography
Etimol=(artery + Gr. graphein to write)
def=  roentgenography of arteries after injection of radiopacque material into the blood stream.

ID=183
EN=arteriolar
def= pertaining to or resembling arterioles.

ID=184
EN=arteriolosclerosis
def= sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma.

ID=185
EN=arteriovenous
def= both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein.

ID=186
EN=arthralgia
Etimol=(arthr- + -algia)
def=  pain in a joint.

ID=187
EN=arthritis
Etimol=(Gr. arthron joint + -itis)
def=  rheumatism in which the inflammatory lesions are confined to the joints.

ID=188
EN=arthropathy
Etimol=(arthro + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  any joint disease.

ID=189
EN=arthrosis
Etimol=(arthro- + -osis)
def=  a disease of a joint.

ID=190
EN=articular
Etimol=(L. articularis)
def=  of or pertaining to a joint.

ID=191
EN=artificial
Etimol=(L. ars art + facere to make)
def=  made by art; not natural or pathological.

ID=192
EN=ascites
Etimol=(L; Gr. askits from askos bag)
def=  effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity; called also abdominal or peritoneal dropsy, hydroperitonia, and hydrops abdominis.

ID=193
EN=asepsis
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. spesthai to decay)
def= =1. freedom from infection.
	=2. the prevention of contact with microorganisms.

ID=194
EN=aseptic
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. spsis decay)
def=  free from infection or septic material; sterile.

ID=195
EN=aspiration
Etimol=(L. ad to + spirare to breathe)
def=  the act of inhaling.

ID=196
EN=assay
def= determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug.

ID=197
EN=assist
def= to give support or aid; to be present as a spectator.

ID=198
EN=association
Etimol=(L. associatio, from ad to + socius a fellow)
def= =1. in neurology, correlation involving a high degree of modifiability and also consciousness.
	=2. in genetics the occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than would be expected by change. To be distinguished from linkage (q.v.).
	=3. in dysmorphology, the nonrandom occurrence in two or more individuals of multiple anomalies not known to be a polytopic field defect, sequence, or syndrome.

ID=199
EN=asthenia
Etimol=(Gr. asthens without strength + -ia)
def=  lack or loss of strength and energy, weakness.








ID=200
EN=astringent
Etimol=(L. astringens, from ad to + stringere to bind)
def=  causing contraction, usually locally after topical application.

ID=201
EN=asymptomatic
def= showing or causing no symptoms.

ID=202
EN=asystole
def= cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome.

ID=203
EN=ataxia
Etimol=(Gr. from a negative + taxis order)
def=  failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action.

ID=204
EN=atheromatosis
def= a diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries.

ID=205
EN=athetosis
Etimol=(Gr. athetos not fixed + -osis)
def=  a derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. Called also mobile spasm.

ID=206
EN=atony
Etimol=(L. atonia from a neg. + Gr. tonos tension)
def=  lack of normal tone or strength.

ID=207
EN=atopic
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. topos place)
def=  pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic.

ID=208
EN=atoxic
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. toxikon poison)
def=  not poisonous; not due to a poison.

ID=209
EN=atrial
def= pertaining to an atrium.

ID=210
EN=atrioventricular
def= pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle.

ID=211
EN=atrium
Etimol=(L.; Gr. atrion hall)
def=  a chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart.

ID=212
EN=atrophy
Etimol=(L.; Gr. atrophia)
def=  a wasting away; a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part.

ID=213
EN=atypical
Etimol=(a neg. + Gr. typos type or model)
def=  irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type.

ID=214
EN=auditory
Etimol=(L. auditorius)
def=  pertaining to the sense of hearing.

ID=215
EN=aura
Etimol=(L. 'breath')
def=  a subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set.

ID=216
EN=aural
Etimol=(L. auris, q.v.)
def=  pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus.

ID=217
EN=auricular
Etimol=(L. auricularis)
def=  pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart.

ID=218
EN=auscultation
def= the act of listening for sounds within the body, chiefly for ascertaining the condition of the lungs, heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs, and for the detection of pregnancy.

ID=219
EN=autoimmune
def= pertaining to autoimmunity.








ID=220
EN=automatism
Etimol=(Gr. automatismos self-action)
def=  aimless and apparently undirected behaviour that is not under conscious control and is performed without conscious knowledge; seen in psychomotor epilepsy, catatonic schizophrenia, psychogenic fugue, and other conditions. Called also automatic behaviour.

ID=221
EN=autonomic
def= self-controlling; functionally independent.

ID=222
EN=azoospermia
Etimol=(a neg. + zoosperm)
def=  absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa.

ID=223
EN=azotemia
Etimol=(azote + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood.

ID=224
EN=bacillus
Etimol=(L. 'little rod')
def=  a genus of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae, including large aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped cells, the great majority of which are gram-positive and motile. The genus is separated into 48 species, of which three are pathogenic, or potentially pathogenic, and the remainder are saprophytic soil forms. Many organisms historically called Bacillus are now classified in other genera.

ID=225
EN=bacteraemia
Etimol=(Gr. baktrion little rod + haima blood)
def=  the presence of bacteria in the blood.

ID=226
EN=bactericide
def= an agent that destroys bacteria.

ID=227
EN=bacteriologic, bacteriological
def= pertaining to bacteriology.

ID=228
EN=bacteriostatic
def= =1. inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria.
	=2. an agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria.

ID=229
EN=bacteroid
Etimol=(bacteria + Gr. eidos form)
def= =1. resembling a bacterium.
	=2. a structurally bacterium.

ID=230
EN=balanitis
Etimol=(balano- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the glans penis; it is usually associated with phimosis.

ID=231
EN=barrier
def= an obstruction.

ID=232
EN=basal
def= pertaining to or situated near a base.

ID=233
EN=base
Etimol=(L., Gr., basis)
def=  in chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond.

ID=234
EN=benign
Etimol=(L. benignus)
def=  not malignant; not recurrent; favourable for recovery.

ID=235
EN=betablocker
def= a drug that induces adrenergic blockade at either ß1- or ß2-adrenergic receptors or at both.

ID=236
EN=betamimetic
def= stimulating or mimicking the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous systems; an agent that so acts.

ID=237
EN=bilateral
Etimol=(bi- + L. latus side)
def=  having two sides, or pertaining to both sides.

ID=238
EN=biliary
def= pertaining to the bile, to the bile ducts, or to the gallbladder.

ID=239
EN=bioavailability
def= the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration.








ID=240
EN=biochemical
def= relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms.

ID=241
EN=biodegradation
def= the series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to the environment.

ID=242
EN=bioequivalent
def= having the same strength and similar bioavailability in the same dosage form as another specimen of a given drug substance.

ID=243
EN=biologic, biological
def= pertaining to biology.

ID=244
EN=biopsy
Etimol=(bio- + Gr. opsis vision)
def=  the removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed to establish precise diagnosis.

ID=245
EN=biosynthesis
def= the building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism.

ID=246
EN=biotransformation
def= the series of chemical alterations of a compound (e.g., a drug) which occur within the body, as by enzymatic activity.

ID=247
EN=biphasic
def= having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle.

ID=248
EN=blepharitis
Etimol=(blephar- + itis)
def=  inflammation of the eyelids.

ID=249
EN=blister pack
def= a package consisting of a clear plastic overlay affixed to a cardboard backing for protecting and displaying a product.

ID=250
EN=block
def= an obstruction or stoppage.

ID=251
EN=bolus injection
def= the injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion).

ID=252
EN=borborygmus
def= a rumbling noise caused by the propulsion of gas through the intestines.

ID=253
EN=bradycardia
Etimol=(brady- + Gr. kardia heart)
def=  slowness of the heart beat, as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60.

ID=254
EN=bradykinesia
Etimol=(brady- + Gr. kinsis movement)
def=  abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses.

ID=255
EN=bradypnea
Etimol=(brady- + Gr. pnoia breath)
def=  abnormal slowness of breathing.

ID=256
EN=broad-spectrum
def= effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic.

ID=257
EN=bronchial
Etimol=(L. bronchialis)
def=  pertaining to one or more bronchi.

ID=258
EN=bronchiectasis
Etimol=(bronchus + Gr. ektasis dilatation)
def=  chronic dilatation of the bronchi marked by fetid breath and paroxysmal coughing, with the expectoration of mucopurulent matter. It may effect the tube uniformly (cylindric b.), or occur in irregular pockets (sacculated b.) or the dilated tubes may have terminal bulbous enlargements (fusiform b.).

ID=259
EN=bronchitis
Etimol=(bronchus + -itis)
def=  inflammation of one or more bronchi.








ID=260
EN=bronchoconstriction
def= the act or process of decreasing the calibre of a bronchus; bronchostenosis.

ID=261
EN=bronchodilatation
def= a dilated state of a bronchus or the site at which a bronchus is dilated.

ID=262
EN=bronchopneumonia
Etimol=(bronchus + pneumonia)
def=  a name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis, catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular bronchiolitis.

ID=263
EN=bronchopulmonary
def= pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary.

ID=264
EN=bronchospasm
def= spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma.

ID=265
EN=bronchus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. bronchos windpipe)
def=  any of the larger air passages of the lungs, having an outer fibrous coat with irregularly placed plates of hyaline cartilage, an interlacing network of smooth muscle, and a mucous membrane of columnar ciliated epithelial cells.

ID=266
EN=buccal
Etimol=(L. buccalis, from bucca cheek)
def=  pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth.

ID=267
EN=buccopharyngeal
def= pertaining to the mouth and pharynx.

ID=268
EN=bulbar
def= pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis.

ID=269
EN=bullous
def= pertaining to or characterized by bullae.

ID=270
EN=bursitis
def= inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa.

ID=271
EN=cachexia
Etimol=(cac- + Gr. hexis habit + -ia)
def=  a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition.

ID=272
EN=calcaemia
Etimol=(calcium + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  hypercalcaemia, an excess of calcium in the blood; manifestations include fatigability, muscle weakness, depression, anorexia, nausea, and constipation.

ID=273
EN=calcification
Etimol=(calcium + L. facere to make)
def=  the process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by a deposit of calcium salts within its substance.

ID=274
EN=calciuria
def= the presence of calcium in the urine.

ID=275
EN=calculus I
Etimol=(L. 'pebble')
def=  an abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually composed of mineral salts.

ID=276
EN=calculus II
def= also called tartar. Dentistry a hard, yellowish to brownish-black deposit or teeth formed largely through the mineralization of dead bacteria in dental plaques by the calcium salts in salivary secretions and subgingival transudates.

ID=277
EN=candidiasis
def= infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis.

ID=278
EN=cannula
Etimol=(L. dim. of canna 'reed')
def=  a tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar.

ID=279
EN=capacity
Etimol=(L. capacitas, from capere to take)
def=  power or ability to hold, retain, or contain, or the ability to absorb.








ID=280
EN=capillary
Etimol=(L. capillaris hair-like)
def=  any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare (NA).

ID=281
EN=carbohydrate
def= an aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, poly- and heterosaccharides.

ID=282
EN=carcinogenic
def= producing carcinoma.

ID=283
EN=carcinoma
Etimol=(Gr. karkinoma from karkinos crab, cancer)
def=  a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases.

ID=284
EN=cardiac
Etimol=(L. cardiacus from Gr. kardiakos)
def=  pertaining to the heart.

ID=285
EN=cardiogenic
Etimol=(cardio + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart.

ID=286
EN=cardiological
def= relating to the study of the heart.

ID=287
EN=cardiomegaly
Etimol=(cardio- + Gr. megas large)
def=  cardiac hypertrophy.

ID=288
EN=cardiomyopathy
Etimol=(cardio- + Gr. mys muscle + pathos disease)
def=  a general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology.

ID=289
EN=cardiopathy
Etimol=(cardio- + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  any disorder or disease of the heart. In addition to heart disease of inflammatory origin, there are arteriosclerotic cardiopathy, due to arteriosclerosis; fatty cardiopathy, due to growth of fatty tissue; hypertensive cardiopathy, due to high blood pressure; nephropathic cardiopathy, due to kidney disease, thyrotoxic cardiopathy, due to thyroid intoxication; toxic cardiopathy, due to the effect of some toxin; and valvular cardiopathy, due to faulty valve action.

ID=290
EN=cardiopulmonary
def= pertaining to the heart and lungs.

ID=291
EN=cardiorespiratory
def= relating to the heart and lungs and their function.

ID=292
EN=cardioselective
def= having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue.

ID=293
EN=cardiotonic
def= =1. having a tonic effect on the heart.
	=2. an agent that has a tonic effect on the heart.

ID=294
EN=cardiotoxic
def= having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart.

ID=295
EN=cardiovascular
def= pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

ID=296
EN=caries
Etimol=(L. 'rottenness')
def= =1. the molecular decay or death of a bone, in which it becomes softened, discoloured, and porous. It produces a chronic inflammation of the periosteum and surrounding tissues, and forms a cold abscess filled with a cheesy, fetid, puslike liquid, which generally burrows through the soft parts until it opens externally by a sinus or fistula.
	=2. dental c.

ID=297
EN=castration
Etimol=(L. castratio)
def=  removal of the gonads, or their destruction as by radiation or parasites.

ID=298
EN=catabolism
Etimol=(Gr. katabol a throwing down)
def=  any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds.

ID=299
EN=catalyse
def= to speed up a chemical reaction.








ID=300
EN=cataract
def= (L. cataracta, from Gr. katarrakts waterfall, floodgate, portcullis (perhaps because an ocular opacity and a portcullis are obstructions) an opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence).

ID=301
EN=catarrh
Etimol=(L. catarrhus, from Gr. katarrhein to flow down)
def=  inflammation of a mucous membrane, with a free discharge (Hippocrates); especially such inflammation of the air passages of the head and throat.

ID=302
EN=catheter
Etimol=(Gr. kathetr)
def=  a tubular, flexible, surgical instrument for withdrawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, especially one for introduction into the bladder through the urethra for the withdraw of urine.

ID=303
EN=catheterization
def= the employment or passage of a catheter.

ID=304
EN=caudal
def= denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy.

ID=305
EN=causal
def= pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause.

ID=306
EN=caustic
Etimol=(L. causticus; Gr. kaustikos)
def=  an escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant.

ID=307
EN=cavity
Etimol=(L. cavitas)
def=  a hollow place or space, or a potential space, within the body or in one of its organs; it may be normal or pathological.

ID=308
EN=cell membrane
def= cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees.

ID=309
EN=cellulitis
Etimol=(cellule + -itis)
def=  an acute, diffuse, spreading, edematous, suppurative inflammation of the deep subcutaneous tissues and sometimes muscle, which may be associated with abscess formation. It is usually caused by infection of an operative or traumatic wound, burn, or other cutaneous lesion by various bacteria, but group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common etiologic agents. Cellulitis may also occur in immunocompromised hosts, or it may follow erysipelas. It tends to spread to tissue spaces and cleavage planes owing to bacterial elaboration of large amounts of hyaluronidases that, break down polysaccharide ground substance, fibrinolysins that digest fibrin barriers, and lecithinases that destroy cell membranes. Clinical manifestations include an area of edema, warmth, and tenderness with indistinct margins. Cf. erysipelas.

ID=310
EN=cephalalgia
Etimol=(Gr. kephalalgia)
def=  pain in the head; headache. Called also cephalgia and cephalodynia.

ID=311
EN=cerebellar
def= pertaining to the cerebellum.

ID=312
EN=cerebral
def= of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain.

ID=313
EN=cerebrospinal
def= pertaining to the brain and spinal cord.

ID=314
EN=cerebrovascular
def= pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain.

ID=315
EN=cerumen
Etimol=(L. from cera wax)
def=  the waxlike secretion found within the external meatus of the ear; called also earwax.

ID=316
EN=cervical
Etimol=(L. cervicalis, from cervix neck)
def=  pertaining to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure.

ID=317 : cervix
def= neck; (NA) a term denoting the front portion of the collum, or neck (the part connecting the head and trunk), or a constricted part of an organ (e.g. cervix uteri). c. of axon, a constricted part of an axon, before the myelin sheath is added. c. columnae posterioris medullae spinalis NA alternative for c. cornus dorsalis medullae spinalis. c. cornus dorsalis medullae spinalis (NA), neck of dorsal horn of spinal cord : the constricted portion of the dorsal horn, or column, of grey matter in the spinal cord between the base of the horn and the head; called also c. cornus posterioris medullae spinalis (NA alternative) and neck of posterior horn of spinal cord. c. dentis, (NA), the slightly constricted region of union of the crown and the root or roots of a tooth; called also collum dentis, dental neck, and neck of tooth. c. glandis, collum glandis penis. incompetent c., one that is abnormally prone to dilate in the second trimester of pregnancy, resulting in premature expulsion of the fetus (middle trimester abortion). c. mallei, collum mallei. tapiroid c., a uterine cervix with a peculiarly elongated anterior lip. c. uteri, neck of uterus : the lower and narrow end of the uterus, between the isthmus and the ostium uteri.

ID=318
EN=chelation
def= combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring.

ID=319
EN=chemical
def= =1. of, or pertaining to, chemistry.
	=2. a substance composed of chemical elements or obtained by chemical processes.








ID=320
EN=chemoreceptor
def= a receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. See receptor.

ID=321
EN=chemotherapeutics
def= noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy.

ID=322
EN=chemotherapy
def= the treatment of disease by means of chemicals that have a specific toxic effect upon the disease - producing microorganisms or that selectively destroy cancerous tissue.

ID=323
EN=chloasma
Etimol=(Gr. chloazein to be green)
def=  melasma c. hepaticum a term formerly used to refer to circumscribed facial hyperpigmentation resembling melasma that may occur as a cutaneous manifestation of chronic liver disease.

ID=324
EN=cholangiography
Etimol=(chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + graphein to write)
def=  roentgenography of the biliary ducts after administration or injection of a contrast medium, orally, intravenously or percutaneously.

ID=325
EN=cholangitis
Etimol=(chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a bile duct.

ID=326
EN=cholecystitis
Etimol=(cholecyst + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the gallbladder.

ID=327
EN=cholelithiasis
Etimol=(chole- + lithiasis)
def=  the presence or formation of gallstones.

ID=328
EN=choleretic
def= a choleretic agent.

ID=329
EN=cholestasia
Etimol=(chole- + Gr. stasis stoppage)
def=  stoppage or suppression of the flow of bile, having intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes.

ID=330
EN=cholesterol
Etimol=(chole- + Gr. stereos solid)
def= =1. a pearly, fatlike steroid alcohol, C27H45OH, crystallizing in the form of leaflets or plates from dilute alcohol, and found in animal fats and oils, in bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, yolk of egg, myelin sheaths of nerve fibres, the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It constitutes a large part of the most frequently occurring type of gallstones and occurs in atheroma of the arteries, in various cysts, and in carcinomatous tissue. Most of the body's cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, but some is absorbed from the diet. It is a precursor of bile acids and is important in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
	=2. (USP) a commercial preparation of cholesterol is used as a pharmaceutic aid. Called also cholesterin.

ID=331
EN=cholinergic
def= resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound.

ID=332
EN=chorea
Etimol=(L.; Gr. choreia dance)
def=  the ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed involuntarily.

ID=333
EN=chromosomal
def= pertaining to chromosomes.

ID=334
EN=chronic
Etimol=(L. chronicus, from Gr. chronos time)
def=  persisting over a long period of time.

ID=335
EN=chronotropic
Etimol=(chrono- + Gr. tropikos turning)
def=  affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart.

ID=336
EN=cicatrization
def= the formation of a cicatrix or scar.

ID=337
EN=circulation
Etimol=(L. circulatio)
def=  movement in a regular or circuitous course, as the movement of the blood through the heart and blood vessels.

ID=338
EN=cirrhosis
Etimol=(Gr. kirrhos orange-yellow)
def=  liver disease characterized pathologically by loss of the normal microscopic lobular architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration. The term is sometimes used to refer to chronic interstitial inflammation of any organ.

ID=339
EN=classic
def= of first class of rank; standard.








ID=340
EN=classification
def= the systematic arrangement of similar entities on the basis of certain differing characteristics.

ID=341
EN=claudication
Etimol=(L. claudicatio)
def=  limping or lameness.

ID=342
EN=clearance
def= the process of clearing; the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood.

ID=343
EN=clinical
def= pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside; pertaining to or founded on actual observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basis sciences.

ID=344
EN=clitoral
def= pertaining to the clitoris.

ID=345
EN=cloaca
Etimol=(L. 'drain')
def= =1. in zoology, a common passage for faecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates.
	=2. in mammalian embryology, the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia.
	=3. in pathology, an opening in the involucrum of a necrosed bone.

ID=346
EN=clonic
def= pertaining to or of the nature of clonus.

ID=347
EN=coagulation
Etimol=(L. coagulatio)
def= =1. the process of clot formation.
	=2. in colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible.
	=3. in surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation.

ID=348
EN=cochlear
def= of or pertaining to the cochlea.

ID=349
EN=coenzyme
def= an organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme).

ID=350
EN=cognitive
def= of, pertaining, to, or characterized by cognition.

ID=351
EN=coitus
Etimol=(L. coitio a coming together, meeting)
def=  sexual connection per vaginam between male and female.

ID=352
EN=colitis
def= inflammation of the colon.

ID=353
EN=collagen
Etimol=(Gr. kolla glue + gennan to produce)
def=  the protein substance of the white fibres (collagenous fibres) of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and all other connective tissue; composed of molecules of tropocollagen (q.v.), it is converted into gelatin by boiling. collagenous pertaining to collagen; forming or producing collagen.

ID=354
EN=collapse
Etimol=(L. collapsus)
def= =1. a state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation.
	=2. abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ.

ID=355
EN=colloidal
def= of the nature of a colloid.

ID=356
EN=collyrium
Etimol=(L.; Gr. kollyrion eye salve)
def=  a lotion for the eyes; an eye wash.

ID=357
EN=colonic flora
def= the bacteria normally residing within the colon.

ID=358
EN=colonopathy
Etimol=(colon + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  any disease or disorder of the colon.

ID=359
EN=colorectal
def= pertaining to or affecting the colon and rectum.








ID=360
EN=comatose
def= pertaining to or affected with coma.

ID=361- combination
def= the result or product of combining; a series of events or result occurring in an ordered sequence; the act or process of combining; the act or process of uniting to form a chemical compound : the chemical compound so formed.

ID=362
EN=comedo
def= a plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. See also acne.

ID=363
EN=commensal
Etimol=(L. com- together + mensa table)
def= =1. living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual.
	=2. an organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host.

ID=364
EN=commotion
Etimol=(L. 'disturbance')
def=  a concussion; a violent shaking, or the shock which results from it.

ID=365
EN=compatible
def= =1. capable of harmonious coexistence; of medications, suitable for simultaneous administration without nullification or aggravation of the effects of either.
	=2. denoting a donor and recipient of a blood transfusion in which there is no transfusion reaction.
	=3. histocompatible; denoting a donor and recipient of an organ transplant that is not rejected.

ID=366
EN=compensation
Etimol=(L. compensatio, from cum together + pensare to weigh)
def=  the counterbalancing of any defect of structure or function. In psychology, a conscious process or, more frequently, an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person attempts to make up for real or imagined physical or psychological deficiencies. In cardiology, the maintenance of an adequate blood flow without distressing symptoms, accomplished by such cardiac and circulatory adjustments as tachycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and increase of blood volume by sodium and water retention.

ID=367
EN=competitive
def= relating to, characterized by, arising from or designated to exhibit rivalry among two individuals or forces.

ID=368
EN=complement
def= a term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors.

ID=369
EN=complementary
Etimol=(L. complere to fill)
def=  supplying a defect, or helping to do so; making complete; accessory.

ID=370
EN=complex
Etimol=(L. complexus woven together, encompassing)
def=  complicated, not simple.

ID=371
EN=complication
Etimol=(L. complicatio from cum together + plicare to fold)
def= =1. a disease or diseases concurrent with another disease.
	=2. the concurrence of two or more diseases in the same patient.

ID=372
EN=component
def= a constituent element or part; specifically in neurology, a series of neurons forming a functional system for conducting the afferent and efferent impulses in the somatic and splanchnic mechanisms of the body.

ID=373
EN=concentration
Etimol=(L. concentratio)
def= =1. increase in strength by evaporation.
	=2. the ratio of the mass or volume of a solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent.

ID=374
EN=conception
Etimol=(L. conceptio)
def=  the onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote.

ID=375
EN=concomitant
Etimol=(L. concomitans from cum together + comes companion)
def=  accompanying; accessory; joined with another.

ID=376
EN=concrete
Etimol=(L. concretus)
def=  solid, tangible.

ID=377
EN=condition
def= a mode or state of being; the state of being fit : the physical status of the body as a whole, or of one of its parts - usually used to indicate abnormality.

ID=378
EN=conduction
Etimol=(L. conductio)
def=  the transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity.

ID=379
EN=condyloma
Etimol=(Gr. kondyloma, knuckle or knob)
def=  c. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region.








ID=380
EN=confusion
def= disturbed orientation in regard to time, place, or person, sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness.

ID=381
EN=congenital
Etimol=(L. congenitus born together)
def=  existing at, and usually before; birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation.

ID=382
EN=congestion
Etimol=(L. congestio, from congerere to heap together)
def=  excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part.

ID=383
EN=conjugated
def= acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous.

ID=384
EN=conjugation
Etimol=(L. conjugatio a blending)
def= =1. the act of joining together or the state of being conjugated.
	=2. a sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote.
	=3. in chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated.

ID=385
EN=conjunctivitis
def= inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge.

ID=386
EN=conservative
Etimol=(L. conservare to preserve)
def=  designed to preserve health, restore function, and repair structures by nonradical methods, as conservative surgery.

ID=387
EN=conserve
def= to keep in a safe or sound state, preserve from change or destruction.

ID=388
EN=constipation
Etimol=(L. constipatio a crowding together)
def=  infrequent or difficult evacuation of the faeces.

ID=389
EN=constitutional
def= =1. affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local.
	=2. pertaining to the constitution.

ID=390
EN=contact
Etimol=(L. contactus a touching together)
def=  a mutual touching of two bodies or persons.

ID=391
EN=contamination
Etimol=(L. contaminatio from con together + tangere to touch)
def=  the soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream.

ID=392
EN=continuous
Etimol=(L. continuus)
def=  not interrupted; having no interruption.

ID=393
EN=contraception
def= the prevention of conception or impregnation.

ID=394
EN=contraceptive
def= an agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception.

ID=395
EN=contractility
def= capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus.

ID=396
EN=contraction
Etimol=(L. contractus drawn together)
def=  a shortening or reduction in size; in connection with muscles contraction implies shortening and/or development of tension.

ID=397
EN=contracture
Etimol=(L. contractura)
def=  a condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres.

ID=398
EN=contraindication
def= any condition, especially any condition of disease, which renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable.

ID=399
EN=contrast medium
def= a substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure.








ID=400
EN=contusion
Etimol=(L. contusio, from contundere to bruise)
def=  a bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin.

ID=401
EN=convalescence
Etimol=(L. convalescere to become strong)
def=  the stage of recovery following an attack of disease, a surgical operation, or an injury.

ID=402
EN=conventional
def= following what is traditional or customary.

ID=403
EN=conversion
Etimol=(L. con with + versio turning)
def= =1. an unconscious defense mechanism by which the anxiety that stems from intrapsychic conflict is converted and expressed in a symbolic somatic.

ID=404
EN=convulsion
Etimol=(L. convulsio, from convellere to pull together)
def=  a violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles.

ID=405
EN=coordination
def= the harmonious functioning of interrelated organs and parts; applied especially to the process of the motor apparatus of the brain which provides for the co-working of particular groups of muscles for the performance of definite adaptive useful responses.

ID=406
EN=cornea
Etimol=(L. corneus horny)
def=  (NA) the transparent structure forming the anterior part of the fibrous tunic of the eye. It consists of five layers : (1) the anterior corneal epithelium, continuous with that of the conjunctiva, (2) the anterior limiting layer (Bowman's membrane), (3) the substantia propria, or stroma, (4) the posterior limiting layer (Descemet's membrane), and (5) the endothelium of the anterior chamber, called also keratoderma.

ID=407
EN=coronary
Etimol=(L. corona; Gr. koron)
def=  encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them.

ID=408
EN=cor
Etimol=(L. cordis)
def=  (NA) the muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

ID=409
EN=corpus luteum
Etimol=(L. 'yellow body')
def=  (NA), a yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum; if the ovum has been impregnated, the corpus luteum increases in size and persists for several months (true c. luteum, c. luteum of pregnancy, c. luteum graviditatis); if impregnation has not taken place, the corpus luteum degenerates and shrinks (false c. luteum, c. luteum of menstruation, c. luteum menstruationis). The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Called also yellow body of ovary.

ID=410
EN=correction
Etimol=(L. correctio straightening out; amendment)
def=  a setting right, as the provision of specific lenses for the improvement of vision, or an arbitrary adjustment made in values or devices in performance of experimental procedures.

ID=411
EN=correlation
def= most generally, the degree to which one phenomenon or random variable is associated with or can be predicted from another. In statistics, correlation usually refers to the degree to which a linear predictive relationship exists between random variables, as measured by a correlation coefficient (q.v.). Correlation may be positive, i.e., both variables increase or decrease together, or negative or inverse, i.e., one variable increases when the other decreases.

ID=412
EN=correspond
def= to be in conformity a agreement : suit, agree; to be equivalent, to be parallel.

ID=413
EN=cortex
Etimol=(L. 'bark, rind, shell')
def=  (NA) the outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

ID=414
EN=cortical
Etimol=(L. corticalis)
def=  pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark.

ID=415
EN=corticosteroid
def= any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid.

ID=416
EN=cosmetic
def= (Gr. kosmtikos a beautifying substance or preparation.

ID=417
EN=coxalgia
Etimol=(L. coxa hip + -algia)
def= =1. hip-joint disease.
	=2. pain in the hip.

ID=418
EN=cranial
Etimol=(L. cranialis)
def=  pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body.

ID=419
EN=creatinaemia
Etimol=(creatin +Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  excess of creatine in the blood.








ID=420
EN=crisis
Etimol=(L.; Gr. krisis)
def=  a sudden paroxysmal intensification of symptoms in the course of a disease.

ID=421
EN=criterion
Etimol=(Gr. kritrion a means for judging)
def=  a standard by which something may be judged.

ID=422
EN=crossallergy
def= an allergic response to several cross-reactive allergens; the fact that a patient allergic to one component will also tend to be allergic to a similar component.

ID=423
EN=crossinfection
def= infection transmitted between individuals infected with different pathogenic microorganisms.

ID=424
EN=crossresistance
def= immunologic resistance to the pathogenic effects of a microorganism because of previous exposure to another species or type having cross-reactive antigens.

ID=425
EN=crystallization
def= the formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form.

ID=426
EN=crystalluria
def= the excretion of crystals in the urine, producing renal irritation.

ID=427
EN=cumulative
def= increasing or growing by accumulation or successive additions.

ID=428
EN=curarize
def= to bring under the influence of curare : to induce curarization (= to induce relaxation of voluntary muscles by curare).

ID=429
EN=curative
Etimol=(L. curare to take care of)
def=  tending to overcome disease and promote recovery.

ID=430
EN=curettage
Etimol=(Fr.)
def=  the removal of growths or other material from the wall of a cavity or other surface, as with a curet; called also curettement.

ID=431
EN=curve
def= a nonangular deviation from a straight course in a line or surface.

ID=432
EN=cutaneous
Etimol=(L. cutis skin)
def=  pertaining to the skin; dermal; dermic.

ID=433
EN=cyanosis
Etimol=(Gr. kyanos blue)
def=  a bluish discoloration, applied especially to such discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced haemoglobin in the blood.

ID=434
EN=cycle
Etimol=(Gr. kyklos circle)
def=  a round or succession of observable phenomena, recurring usually at regular intervals and in the same sequence.

ID=435
EN=cyclic
Etimol=(Gr. kyklikos)
def=  pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus.

ID=436
EN=cycloderma
Etimol=(delete: no definition found in any dictionary ; probably a misprint or a specialist term used by one firm)
def= 

ID=437
EN=cycloplegia
Etimol=(cyclo- + Gr. plg stroke)
def=  paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of accommodation.

ID=438
EN=cyst
Etimol=(Gr. kystis sac, bladder)
def=  any closed cavity or sac; normal or abnormal, lined by epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material.

ID=439
EN=cystic fibrosis
def= a generalized, autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children, and young adults, in which there is widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands; characterized by signs of chronic pulmonary disease (due to excess mucus production in the respiratory tract), pancreatic deficiency, abnormally high levels of electrolytes in the sweat, and occasionally by biliary cirrhosis. Pathologically, the pancreas shows obstruction of the pancreatic ducts by amorphous eosinophilic concretions, with consequent deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, resulting in steatorrhoea and azotorrhoea. The degree of involvement of organs and glandular systems may vary greatly, with consequent variations in the clinical picture.








ID=440
EN=cystitis
def= inflammation of the urinary bladder.

ID=441
EN=cystoscopy
def= direct visual examination of the urinary tract with a cystoscope.

ID=442
EN=cytochrome
Etimol=(cyto- + Gr. chroma colour)
def=  any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555.

ID=443
EN=cytoplasm
Etimol=(cyto- + Gr. plasma plasm)
def=  the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell.

ID=444
EN=cytostatic
Etimol=(cyto- + Gr. statikos bringing to a stand-still)
def=  an agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication.

ID=445
EN=cytotoxic
def= pertaining to or exhibiting cytotoxicity.

ID=446
EN=decompensation
def= failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema.

ID=447
EN=decongestant
def= an agent that reduces congestion or swelling.

ID=448
EN=decorum
def= propriety and good taste especially in conduct, manners, or appearance.

ID=449
EN=decubitus
Etimol=(L. 'a lying down')
def=  an act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down.

ID=450
EN=defaecation
def= the act or process of defecating, discharge of feces.

ID=451
EN=defibrillation
def= the act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return.

ID=452
EN=deficiency
def= a lack or defect.

ID=453
EN=deficit
def= a lack or deficiency.

ID=454
EN=degenerative
def= undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration.

ID=455
EN=degradation
def= the reduction of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one or more groups.

ID=456
EN=dehydration
Etimol=(L. de away + Gr. hydor water)
def=  the condition that results from excessive loss of body water. Called also anhydration, deaquation and hypohydration.

ID=457
EN=delirium
Etimol=(de- + L. lira furrow or track; i.e., 'off the track')
def=  (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome.

ID=458
EN=dementia
Etimol=(de- + L. mens mind)
def=  (DSM III) an organic mental disorder characterized by a general loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of memory, judgment, and abstract thinking as well as changes in personality. It does not include loss of intellectual functioning caused by clouding of consciousness (as in delirium) nor that caused by depression or other functional mental disorder (pseudodementia). Dementia may be caused by a large number of conditions, some reversible and some progressive, that cause widespread cerebral and damage or dysfunction. The most common cause is Alzheimer's disease; others are cerebrovascular disease (multi-infarct dementia), central nervous system infection, brain trauma or tumours, pernicious anaemia, folic acid deficiency, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and, neurological diseases such as Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.

ID=459
EN=demulcent
def= soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces.








ID=460
EN=dendritic
def= =1. branched like a tree.
	=2. pertaining to or possessing dendrites.

ID=461
EN=dental plaque
def= a soft, thin film of food debris, mucin, and dead epithelial cells deposited on the teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria. The main inorganic components are calcium and phosphorus with small amounts of magnesium, potassium, and sodium; the organic matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other components. Plaque plays an important etiologic role in the development of dental caries and periodontal and gingival diseases and provides the base for the development of materia alba; calcified plaque forms dental calculus.

ID=462
EN=dentition
Etimol=(L. dentitio)
def=  the teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli.

ID=463
EN=dependent
def= exhibiting dependence or dependency.

ID=464
EN=depersonalization
def= alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both.

ID=465
EN=depigmentation
Etimol=(de- + pigmentation)
def=  removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin.

ID=466
EN=depletion
Etimol=(L. deplere to empty)
def= =1. the act or process of emptying; removal of a fluid, as the blood.
	=2. exhausted state which results from excessive loss of blood.

ID=467
EN=depolarization
def= the process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell.

ID=468
EN=depression
Etimol=(L. depremere to press down)
def= =1. a lowering or decrease of functional activity.
	=2. a mental state of depressed mood characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and discouragement. Depression ranges from normal feelings of 'the blues' through dysthymia to major depression. It in many ways resembles the grief and mourning that follow bereavement; there are often feelings of low self-esteem; guilt, and self-reproach, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and somatic symptoms such as eating and sleep disturbances.

ID=469
EN=deprivation
Etimol=(L. de from + privare to remove)
def=  loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed.

ID=470
EN=derivative
def= a chemical substance derived from another substance either directly or by modification or partial substitution.

ID=471
EN=dermatitis
Etimol=(dermato- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the skin.

ID=472
EN=dermatologic, dermatological
def= pertaining to dermatology; of or affecting the skin.

ID=473
EN=dermatomycosis
Etimol=(dermato- + Gr. mykes fungus)
def=  a superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis.

ID=474
EN=dermatophytosis
Etimol=(dermatophyte + -osis)
def=  any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis.

ID=475
EN=dermatosis
Etimol=(dermat- + -osis)
def=  any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation.

ID=476
EN=dermographia
def= a condition in which pressure or friction on the skin gives rise to a transient raised usually reddish mark so that a word traced on the skin becomes visible.

ID=477
EN=desensitization
def= the prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy.

ID=478
EN=desquamation
Etimol=(L. de from + squama scale)
def=  the shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation.

ID=479
EN=detection
def= act of detecting, discovery; the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of what tends to elude observation.








ID=480
EN=detergent
Etimol=(L. detergere to cleanse)
def=  an agent which purifies or cleanses.

ID=481
EN=detoxification
def= treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit.

ID=482
EN=diabetes
Etimol=(Gr. diabts a syphon, from dia through + bainein to go)
def=  a general term referring to disorders characterized by excessive urine excretion (polyuria), as in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. When used alone, the term refers to diabetes mellitus.

ID=483
EN=diagnosis
Etimol=(dia- + Gr. gnosis knowledge)
def=  the determination of the nature of a case of disease.

ID=484
EN=dialysis
Etimol=(dia- + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  the process of separating crystalloids and colloids in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane; crystalloids pass through readily, colloids very slowly or not at all. See also haemodialysis.

ID=485
EN=diameter
def= the length of a straight line passing through the centre of a circle and connecting opposite points on its circumference; hence the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of a structure such as the cranium or pelvis.

ID=486
EN=diaphoresis
Etimol=(Gr. diaphorsis)
def=  perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Called also sudoresis.

ID=487
EN=diarrhoea
Etimol=(dia- + Gr. rhein to flow)
def=  abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges.

ID=488
EN=diastolic
def= of or pertaining to the diastole.

ID=489
EN=diathermy
Etimol=(dia- + Gr. therm heat)
def=  heating of the body tissues due to their resistance to the passage of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, electric currents, or ultrasonic waves. In medical d. (thermopenetration) the tissues are warmed but not damaged; in surgical d. (electrocoagulation) tissue is destroyed.

ID=490
EN=diathesis
Etimol=(Gr. 'arrangement, disposition')
def=  a constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

ID=491
EN=differentiation
def= the distinguishing of one thing or disease from another.

ID=492
EN=diffuse
Etimol=(L. dis- apart + fundere to pour)
def=  not definitely limited or localized; widely distributed.

ID=493
EN=diffusion
def= the process of becoming diffused, or widely spread; the spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system.

ID=494
EN=digestive
def= pertaining to digestion.

ID=495
EN=digitalization
def= the administration of digitalis in a dosage schedule designed to produce and then maintain optimal therapeutic concentrations of its cardiotonic glycosides.

ID=496
EN=dilatation
def= the condition, as of an orifice or tubular structure, of being dilated or stretched beyond the normal dimensions.

ID=497
EN=diphtheria
Etimol=(Gr. diphthera leather + -ia)
def=  an acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, acquired by contact with an infected person or a carrier of the disease, which is usually confined to the upper respiratory tract, and characterized by the formation of a tough membrane (false membrane or pseudomembrane) attached firmly to the underlying tissue that will bleed if forcibly removed. In the most serious infections the membrane begins in the tonsillar (faucial) area on one tonsil and may spread to involve the other tonsil, uvula, soft palate, and pharyngeal wall, from where it may extend to the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree, and may cause bronchial obstruction and death by hypoxia. Diphtheria also occurs in a cutaneous form and may rarely involve the eyes, middle ear, buccal mucosa, genitalia and umbilical stump, usually secondarily. Systemic effects, chiefly myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, are caused by the exotoxin produced by C. diphtheriae. Called also Bretonneau's angina or disease.

ID=498
EN=diplopia
Etimol=(diplo- + -opia)
def=  the perception of two images of a single object; called also ambiopia, double vision, and binocular polyopia.

ID=499
EN=direct
Etimol=(L. directus)
def= =1. straight; in a straight line.
	=2. performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means.








ID=500
EN=discoid
Etimol=(Gr. diskos disk + -oid)
def=  shaped like a disk.

ID=501
EN=disinfectant
def= an agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. Cf. antiseptic.

ID=502
EN=dislocation
Etimol=(dis- + L. locare to place)
def=  the displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation.

ID=503
EN=disorientation
def= the loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity.

ID=504
EN=disposition
def= a tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases.

ID=505
EN=disseminate
def= to scatter or distribute over a considerable area.

ID=506
EN=dissociation
Etimol=(L. dis- neg. + sociatio union)
def= =1. the act of separating or state of being separated.
	=2. the separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation.
	=3. in psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation.
	=4. a defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole.

ID=507
EN=distal
Etimol=(L. distans distant)
def=  remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw.

ID=508
EN=distention
def= the state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending.

ID=509
EN=distil
Etimol=(L. destillare; de from + stillare to drop)
def=  to volatilize by heat and then cool and condense the evaporated matter, as to purify a substance or to separate a volatile substance from other less volatile substances.

ID=510
EN=distortion
Etimol=(L. dis- apart + torsio a twisting)
def=  the state of being twisted out of a natural or normal shape or position.

ID=511
EN=distribution
Etimol=(L. distributio)
def= =1. the specific location or arrangement of continuing or successive objects or events in space or time.
	=2. the extent of a ramifying structure such as an artery or nerve and its branches.
	=3. the geographical range of an organism or disease.
	=4. probability.

ID=512
EN=diuresis
Etimol=(Gr. diourein to urinate, to pass in urine)
def=  increased excretion of urine.

ID=513
EN=diuretic
Etimol=(Gr. diourtikos promoting urine)
def=  an agent that promotes the excretion of urine.

ID=514
EN=diurnal
def= occurring during the day.

ID=515
EN=diverticulitis
def= inflammation of a diverticulum, especially inflammation related to colonic diverticula, which may undergo perforation with abscess formation. Sometimes called left-sided or L-sides appendicitis.

ID=516
EN=document
Etimol=(L. docere to teach)
def=  an original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof or support of something; a writing (as a book, report or letter) conveying information; a publication of federal, state, or local government - chiefly in library usage.

ID=517
EN=dominance
Etimol=(L. dominari to govern)
def=  in genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes.

ID=518
EN=donor
def= an individual organism that supplies living tissue to be used in another body, as a person who furnished blood for transfusion, or an organ for transplantation in a histocompatible recipient.

ID=519
EN=doping
Etimol=(Dutch doop, sauce)
def=  the action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered.








ID=520
EN=dorsal
Etimol=(L. dorsalis; from dorsum back)
def= =1. pertaining to the back or to any dorsum.
	=2. denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds.

ID=521
EN=dosage
def= the determination and regulation of the size, frequency, and number of doses.

ID=522
EN=dosage schedule
def= a scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses.

ID=523
EN=dose
Etimol=(Gr. dosis a giving)
def=  a quantity to be administered at one time, such as a specified amount of medication.

ID=524
EN=double-blind
def= pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving.

ID=525
EN=douching
def= a jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes.

ID=526
EN=drainage
def= the systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore or cavity.

ID=527
EN=duct
Etimol=(L. ductus from ducere to draw or lead)
def=  a passage with well-defined walls, especially a tube for the passage of excretions or secretions; called also ductus (NA).

ID=528
EN=duodenum
Etimol=(L. duodeni twelve at a time)
def=  (NA) the first or proximal portion of the small intestine, extending from the pylorus to the jejunum; so called because it is about 12 fingerbreadths in length.

ID=529
EN=dura mater
Etimol=(L. 'hard mother')
def=  the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx.

ID=530
EN=dysarthria
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. arthroun to utter distinctly + -ia)
def=  imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system.

ID=531
EN=dyscrasia
Etimol=(Gr. dyskrasia bad temperament)
def=  a term formerly used to indicate an abnormal mixture of the four humours; in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous with 'disease' or 'pathologic condition'.

ID=532
EN=dysentery
Etimol=(L. dysenteria, from Gr. dys- + enteron intestine)
def=  any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms.

ID=533
EN=dysfunction
def= disturbance, impairment, or abnormality of the functioning of an organ.

ID=534
EN=dysgenesis
def= defective development.

ID=535 -dysgeusia
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. geusis taste)
def=  distortion of the sense of taste.

ID=536
EN=dyskinesia
Etimol=(Gr. dyskinsia difficulty of moving)
def=  impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.

ID=537
EN=dysmenorrhoea
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. mn month + rhein to flow)
def=  painful menstruation.

ID=538
EN=dyspareunia
Etimol=(Gr. dyspareunos badly mated)
def=  difficult or painful coitus.

ID=539
EN=dyspepsia
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. peptein to digest)
def=  impairment of the power of function of digestion; usually applied to epigastric discomfort following meals.








ID=540
EN=dysphagia
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. phagein to eat)
def=  difficulty in swallowing.

ID=541
EN=dysphoria
Etimol=(Gr. 'excessive pain, anguish, agitation')
def=  disquiet; restlessness; malaise.

ID=542
EN=dysplasia
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. plassein to form)
def=  abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells.

ID=543
EN=dyspnoea
Etimol=(Gr. dyspnoia difficulty of breathing)
def=  difficult or laboured breathing.

ID=544
EN=dystonia
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. tonos)
def=  disordered tonicity of muscle.

ID=545
EN=dystrophy
Etimol=(L. dystrophia, from dys- + Gr. trephein to nourish)
def=  any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies.

ID=546
EN=dysuria
Etimol=(dys- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  painful or difficult urination.

ID=547
EN=ecchymosis
Etimol=(Gr. ekchymosis)
def=  a small haemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane forming a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch.

ID=548
EN=echography
def= ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures.

ID=549
EN=eclampsia
Etimol=(Gr. eklampein to shine forth)
def=  convulsions and coma occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, associated with preeclampsia, i.e., with hypertension, edema, and/or proteinuria.

ID=550
EN=ectopic
def= pertaining to or characterized by ectopia.

ID=551
EN=eczema
Etimol=(Gr. ekzein to boil out)
def=  a pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents, characterized in the acute stage by erythema, edema associated with a serous exudate between the cells of the epidermis (spongiosis) and an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, oozing and vesiculation, and crusting and scaling; and in the more chronic stages by lichenification or thickening or both, signs of excoriations, and hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation or both. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis. Called also eczematous dermatitis.

ID=552
EN=effect
def= the result produced by an action.

ID=553
EN=effective
def= producing the intended result.

ID=554
EN=efficient
def= serving as or characteristic of an immediate agent in the production of an event; causally productive.

ID=555
EN=effusion
Etimol=(L. effusio a pouring out)
def=  the escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation.

ID=556
EN=ejaculation
Etimol=(L. ejaculation)
def=  a sudden act of expulsion, as of the semen.

ID=557
EN=ejection fraction
def= a measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction.

ID=558
EN=elastic
Etimol=(L. elasticus)
def=  susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force.

ID=559
EN=elective
def= subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent.








ID=560
EN=electrocardiography
def= the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle.

ID=561
EN=electroencephalography
def= the recording of the electric currents developed in the brain, by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain (intracranial e.) or placed within the substance of the brain (depth e.).

ID=562
EN=electrolyte
Etimol=(electro- + Gr. lytos that may be dissolved)
def=  a substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute.

ID=563
EN=electrophysiological
def= pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity.

ID=564
EN=elimination
Etimol=(L. eliminatio, from e out + limen threshold)
def=  the act of expulsion or of extrusion, especially of expulsion from the body.

ID=565
EN=embolism
Etimol=(L. embolismus, from Gr. en in + ballein to throw)
def=  the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material which has been brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current.

ID=566
EN=embryo
Etimol=(Gr. embryon)
def=  in animals, those derivatives of the fertilized ovum that eventually become the offspring, during their period of most rapid development, i.e., after the long axis appears until all major structures are represented. In man, the developing organism is an embryo from about two weeks after fertilization to the end of seventh or eighth week.

ID=567
EN=emesis
Etimol=(Gr. emein to vomit)
def=  vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis.

ID=568
EN=emetic
Etimol=(Gr. emetikos; L. emeticus)
def=  an agent that causes vomiting.

ID=569
EN=emollient
Etimol=(L. emolliens softening, from e out + mollis soft)
def=  softening or soothing; called also malactic.

ID=570
EN=emotional
def= pertaining to the emotions.

ID=571
EN=emphysema
Etimol=(Gr. 'an inflation')
def=  a pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs; applied especially to such a condition of the lungs.

ID=572
EN=empiric
def= empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory.

ID=573
EN=empyema
Etimol=(Gr. empyema)
def=  accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body; when used without a descriptive qualifier, it refers to thoracic empyema (q.v.).

ID=574
EN=emulsify
def= to convert or to be converted into an emulsion.

ID=575
EN=emulsion
Etimol=(L. emulsio, emulsum)
def=  a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion.

ID=576
EN=enanthema
Etimol=(Gr. en in + anthema a blossoming)
def=  an eruption upon a mucous surface.

ID=577
EN=encephalitis
def= inflammation of the brain.

ID=578
EN=encephalopathy
Etimol=(encephalo- + Gr. pathos illness)
def=  any degenerative disease of the brain.

ID=579
EN=endemic
Etimol=(Gr. endmos dwelling in a place)
def=  present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. Cf. epidemic.








ID=580
EN=endocarditis
def= exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease.

ID=581
EN=endocrine
Etimol=(endo- + Gr. krinein to separate)
def=  pertaining to internal secretions; hormonal. Cf. exocrine.

ID=582
EN=endogenous
Etimol=(endo- + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  developing or originating within the organisms or arising from causes within the organism.

ID=583
EN=endometriosis
Etimol=(endometrium + -osis)
def=  a condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity; called also adenomyosis externa and endometriosis externa.

ID=584
EN=endoscopy
def= visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope.

ID=585
EN=endothelium
Etimol=(endo- + Gr. thl nipple)
def=  (NA) the layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels, and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm.

ID=586
EN=endotoxic
def= of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted).

ID=587
EN=enema
def= a clyster or injection; a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum.

ID=588
EN=energetic
def= exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect.

ID=589
EN=enteric-coated
def= a term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines.

ID=590
EN=enteritis
Etimol=(enter- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis.

ID=591
EN=enterocolitis
Etimol=(entero- + colitis)
def=  inflammation involving both the small intestine and the colon; see also enteritis.

ID=592
EN=enterohepatic
def= of or involving the intestine and liver.

ID=593
EN=enuresis
Etimol=(Gr. enourein to void urine)
def=  involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis).

ID=594
EN=environment
Etimol=(Fr. environner to surround, to encircle)
def=  the sum total of all the conditions and elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and actions of an individual.

ID=595
EN=enzyme
Etimol=(Gr. en in + zyme leaven)
def=  a protein molecule that catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number. They are divided into six main groups; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.

ID=596
EN=eosinophilia
Etimol=(eosin + Gr. philein to love)
def=  the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood.

ID=597
EN=epicondylitis
def= inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the humerus.

ID=598
EN=epidemic
Etimol=(Gr. epidmios prevalent)
def=  occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-related event occurring in such outbreaks. Cf. endemic and sporadic.

ID=599
EN=epidemiological
def= relating to, or involving epidemiology.








ID=600
EN=epidermal
def= pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid.

ID=601
EN=epidural
def= situated upon or outside the dura mater.

ID=602
EN=epigastralgia
Etimol=(epigastrium + -algia)
def=  pain in the epigastrium.

ID=603
EN=epigastric
Etimol=(epi- + Gr. gastr belly)
def=  pertaining to the epigastrium.

ID=604
EN=epilepsy
Etimol=(Gr. epilpsia seizure)
def=  paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the autonomic nervous system. Symptoms are due to paroxysmal disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain. On the basis of origin, epilepsy is idiopathic (cryptogenic, essential, genetic) or symptomatic (acquired, organic). On the basis of clinical and electroencephalographic phenomenon, four subdivisions are recognized : (1) grand mal e. (major e., haut mal e.) - subgroups : generalized, focal (localized), jacksonian (rolandic), (2) petit mal e., (3) psychomotor e. (temporal lobe e., psychic, psychic equivalent, or variant) - subgroups : psychomotor proper (tonic with adversive or torsion movements or masticatory phenomena), automatic (with amnesia), and sensory (hallucinations, or dream states or déjà vu), (4) autonomic e. (diencephalic), with flushing, pallor, tachycardia, hypertension, perspiration, or other visceral symptoms. Called also epilepsia.

ID=605
EN=epiphyseal
def= pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis.

ID=606
EN=episiotomy
Etimol=(episio- + Gr. tom a cutting)
def=  surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery.

ID=607
EN=episode
def= a noteworthy happening or series of happenings occurring in the course of continuous events, as an episode of illness; a separate but not unrelated incident.

ID=608
EN=epistaxis
def= nosebleed; haemorrhage from the nose.

ID=609
EN=epithelioma
Etimol=(epithelium + -oma)
def=  a neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma).

ID=610
EN=epithelium
Etimol=(epi- + Gr. thl nipple)
def=  (NA) the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial cells.

ID=611
EN=equivalent
Etimol=(L. aequivalens, from aequus equal + valere to be worth)
def=  having the same value; neutralizing or counterbalancing.

ID=612
EN=erection
Etimol=(L. erectio)
def=  the condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood.

ID=613
EN=ergotism
def= chronic poisoning from excessive or misdirected use of ergot as a medicine, or from eating ergotized grain; it is marked by cerebrospinal symptoms, spasms, and cramps, or by a kind of dry gangrene. Called also St. Anthony's fire.

ID=614
EN=erosion
Etimol=(L. erosio, from erodere to eat out)
def= =1. an eating away; destruction of the surface of a tissue, material, or structure.
	=2. progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. See also abrasion .
	=3. a gradual breakdown or very shallow ulceration of the skin which involves only the epidermis and heals without scarring.

ID=615
EN=eructation
Etimol=(L. eructatio)
def=  the act of belching, or of casting up wind from the stomach through the mouth.

ID=616
EN=eruption
Etimol=(L. eruptio a breaking out)
def= =1. the act of breaking out, appearing, or becoming visible, as eruption of the teeth.
	=2. visible efflorescent lesions of the skin due to disease, especially an exanthematous disease, and marked by redness and prominence; a rash. See also exanthema.

ID=617
EN=erysipelas
Etimol=(Gr. erythros red + pella skin)
def=  an acute superficial form of cellulitis involving the dermal lymphatics, usually caused by infection with group A streptococci, and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, edematous, brawny, infiltrated, and sharply circumscribed plaque with a raised indurated border. Formerly called St. Anthony's fire. Cf. cellulitis and phlegmon.

ID=618
EN=erythema
Etimol=(Gr. erythma flush upon the skin)
def=  a name applied to redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries, which may result from a variety of causes, the etiology or a specific type of lesion often being indicated by a modifying term.

ID=619
EN=erythrasma
def= a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of the skin involving the body folds and toe webs, sometimes becoming generalized, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, and characterized by the presence of sharply demarcated, dry, brown, slightly scaly, and slowly spreading patches.








ID=620
EN=erythropoiesis
Etimol=(erythro- + Gr. poisis making)
def=  the production of erythrocytes.

ID=621
EN=euphoria
Etimol=(Gr. 'the power of bearing easily')
def=  an exaggerated feeling of physical and mental well-being, especially when not justified by external reality. Euphoria may be induced by drugs such as opioids, amphetamines, and alcohol and is also a feature of mania.

ID=622
EN=evacuation
Etimol=(L. evacuatio, from e out + vacuus empty)
def=  an emptying, as of the bowels.

ID=623
EN=evaluation
def= the act or result of evaluating.

ID=624
EN=evolution
Etimol=(L. evolutio, from e out + volvere to roll)
def= =1. an unrolling.
	=2. a process of development in which an organ or organism becomes more and more complex by the differentiation of its parts; a continuous and progressive change according to certain laws and by means of resident forces.

ID=625
EN=exacerbation
Etimol=(ex- + L. acerbus harsh)
def=  increase in the severity of a disease of its symptoms.

ID=626
EN=exanthema
Etimol=(Gr. exanthma)
def=  exanthem; an eruptive disease or its symptomatic eruption.

ID=627
EN=excessive
def= exceeding the usual, proper, or normal quantity; given to excess.

ID=628
EN=excipient
Etimol=(L. excipiens, from ex out + capere to take)
def=  any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle.

ID=629
EN=excitation
Etimol=(L. excitatio, from ex out + citare to call)
def=  an act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons.

ID=630
EN=exclusive
def= =1. excluding or inclined to exclude others (at outsiders) from participation.
	=2. single.
	=3. undivided, whole.

ID=631
EN=excretion
Etimol=(L. excretio)
def=  the act, process, or function of excreting.

ID=632
EN=exfoliation
Etimol=(L. exfoliatio)
def=  a falling off in scales or layers.

ID=633
EN=exocrine
Etimol=(exo- + Gr. krinein to separate)
def= =1. secreting outwardly, via a duct; cf. endocrine.
	=2. denoting such a gland or its secretion.

ID=634
EN=exogenous
Etimol=(exo- + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease.

ID=635
EN=exophthalmos
Etimol=(ex- + Gr. ophthalmos eye)
def=  abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; called also proptosis.

ID=636
EN=expectorant
Etimol=(ex- + L. pectus breast)
def= =1. promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea.
	=2. an agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives).

ID=637
EN=experimental
def= =1. of, relating to, or based on experience : empirical.
	=2. of a disease : intentionally produced especially in laboratory animals for the purpose of study.

ID=638
EN=expiration
Etimol=(ex + L. spirare to breathe)
def=  the act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs.

ID=639
EN=extension
Etimol=(L. extensio)
def= =1. the movement by which the two elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other.
	=2. a movement which brings the members of a limb into or toward a straight relation.








ID=640
EN=external
Etimol=(L. externus outside)
def=  situated or occurring on the outside; many anatomical structures formerly called external are now more correctly termed lateral.

ID=641
EN=extracellular
def= outside a cell or cells.

ID=642
EN=extracorporeal
Etimol=(extra- + L. corpus body)
def=  situated or occurring outside the body.

ID=643
EN=extract
Etimol=(L. extractum)
def=  a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all or nearly all the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to a prescribed standard. Extracts are prepared in three forms; semiliquid or of syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder.

ID=644
EN=extraction
Etimol=(L. ex out + trahere to draw)
def=  the process or act of pulling or drawing out.

ID=645
EN=extrapyramidal
def= outside of the pyramidal tracts.

ID=646
EN=extrarenal
def= outside of the kidney.

ID=647
EN=extrasystole
def= a premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node; called also premature beat.

ID=648
EN=extravasation
Etimol=(extra + L. vas vessel)
def=  a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues.

ID=649
EN=extravascular
def= situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels.

ID=650
EN=extreme
def= as far away as possible from the centre, the beginning or the average; of the highest degree or intensity

ID=651
EN=extremity
def= a limb; an arm or leg (membrum (NA)); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot.

ID=652
EN=exudate
Etimol=(L. exsudare to sweat out)
def=  material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells.

ID=653
EN=facial
Etimol=(L. facialis from facies face)
def=  of or pertaining to the face.

ID=654
EN=factor
Etimol=(L. 'maker')
def=  any of several substances or activities that are necessary to produce a result, e.g. a coagulation factor. Often, use of the term 'factor' indicates that the chemical nature of the substance or its mechanism of action is unknown, as in endocrinology, where 'factors' are renamed as 'hormones' when their chemical nature is determined.

ID=655
EN=faecal
def= pertaining to or of the nature of feces.

ID=656
EN=feces
Etimol=(L. faeces, pl. of faex refuse)
def=  the excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue.

ID=657
EN=fasciculation
def= a small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament.

ID=658
EN=fatal
def= causing death, deadly; mortal; lethal.

ID=659
EN=febrile
Etimol=(L. febrilis)
def=  pertaining to or characterized by fever.








ID=660
EN=feedback
def= the return of some of the output of a system as input so as to exert some control in the process.

ID=661
EN=femoral
Etimol=(L. femoralis)
def=  pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh.

ID=662
EN=fermentation
Etimol=(L. fermentatio)
def=  the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); the process is used in the production of alcohol, bread, vinegar; and other food or industrial products. It differs from respiration in that organic substances rather than molecular oxygen are used as electron acceptors. Fermentation occurs widely in bacteria and yeasts, the process usually being identified by the product formed; e.g. , acetic, alcoholic, butyric, and lactic fermentation are those that result in the formation of acetic acid, alcohol, butyric acid, and lactic acid, respectively.

ID=663
EN=ferriprive
def= suffering from, or characterized by iron deficiency.

ID=664
EN=fertility
def= the capacity to conceive or induce conception.

ID=665
EN=fibrillation
def= a small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres.

ID=666
EN=fibrin
def= the insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the proteolytic action of thrombin during normal clotting of blood. Fibrin forms the essential portion of the blood clot.

ID=667
EN=fibrinolytic
def= pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action

ID=668
EN=fibrosis
def= the formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration

ID=669
EN=filmcoated
def= coated by a thin transparent sheet of cellulose acetate or similar material with an emulsion that is sensitive to light or radiation.

ID=670
EN=filtration
def= the passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction).

ID=671
EN=firstpass
def= connected with the first barrier the medicine has to pass, where it is filtered.

ID=672
EN=fissure
Etimol=(L. fissura)
def=  any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall.

ID=673
EN=fistula
Etimol=(L. 'pipe')
def=  an abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal organs, or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body; frequently designated according to the organs or parts with which it communicates, as anovaginal, brochocutaneous, hepatopleural, pulmonoperitoneal, rectovaginal, urethrovaginal, and the like. Such passages are frequently created experimentally for the purpose of obtaining body secretions for physiologic study.

ID=674
EN=fixation
Etimol=(L. fixatio)
def= =1. the act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position.
	=2. the condition of being held in a fixed position.
	=3. in psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation.
	=4. the use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens.
	=5. in chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation.
	=6. in ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis.
	=7. in film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image.

ID=675
EN=flaccid
Etimol=(L. flaccidus)
def=  weak, lax and soft.

ID=676
EN=flatulence
Etimol=(L. flatulentia)
def=  the presence of excessive amounts of air or gases in the stomach or intestine, leading to distention of the organs.

ID=677
EN=flegmon or phlegmon
Etimol=(Gr. phlegmon)
def= =1. a spreading, diffuse inflammatory reaction to infection with microaerophilic streptococci, which forms a suppurative or gangrenous and undermining lesion that may extend into deep subcutaneous tissues and muscles, creating multiple small pockets of pus. Called also phlegmonous cellulitis. Cf. cellulitis and erysipelas.
	=2. a solid, swollen, inflamed mass of pancreatic tissue occurring as a complication of acute pancreatitis, which may subside spontaneously or become secondarily infected and develop into an abscess.

ID=678
EN=flexion
Etimol=(L. flexio)
def=  in gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix.

ID=679
EN=fluor albus
Etimol=(L. 'a flow', a discharge)
def=  leucorrhea.








ID=680
EN=flush
def= transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion.

ID=681
EN=flutter
def= a rapid vibration or pulsation.

ID=682
EN=foetal
def= of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period.

ID=683
EN=foetoplacental
def= pertaining to the fetus and placenta.

ID=684
EN=foetotoxic
def= toxic to the foetus in utero.

ID=685
EN=folliculitis
def= inflammation of a follicle or follicles; used ordinarily in reference to hair follicles, but sometimes in relation to follicles of other kinds.

ID=686
EN=fontanelle
Etimol=(Fr., dim. of fontaine spring, filter)
def=  a soft spot, such as one of the membrane-covered spaces (fonticuli cranii (NA)) remaining in the incompletely ossified skull of a fetus or infant.

ID=687
EN=fraction
def= in chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance.

ID=688
EN=fracture
Etimol=(L. fractura, from frangere to break)
def=  a break or rupture in a bone.

ID=689
EN=frequency
def= =1. the number of occurrences of a periodic or recurrent process per unit time, e.g. the number of vibrations of a particle per second or the number of repetitions of a complete wave form (cycles) per second.
	=2. the number of members of a population or statistical sample falling in a particular class.
	=3. relative frequency; the average number of occurrences of a particular event in a large number of repeated trials.

ID=690
EN=frigidity
def= coldness; especially, lack of sexual response in the female.

ID=691
EN=function
Etimol=(L. functio, from fungi to do)
def=  the special, normal, or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part.

ID=692
EN=fundamental
def= pertaining to a base or foundation.

ID=693
EN=fungicide
def= an agent that destroys fungi.

ID=694
EN=fungistatic
def= inhibiting the growth of fungi.

ID=695
EN=fungus
def= a general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts.

ID=696
EN=furunculosis
def= =1. the persistent sequential occurrence of furuncles over a period of weeks or months.
	=2. the simultaneous occurrence of a number of furuncles.

ID=697
EN=galactorrhoea
Etimol=(galacto- + Gr. rhoia flow)
def=  excessive or spontaneous flow of milk; persistent secretion of milk irrespective of nursing.

ID=698
EN=galenical
def= =1. usually cap : of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method.
	=2. constituting a galenical.

ID=699
EN=ganglion
Etimol=(Gr. 'knot')
def= =1. a knot, or knotlike mass.
	=2. (NA) a general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia.
	=3. a benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid.








ID=700
EN=gangrene
Etimol=(L. gangraena; Gr. gangraina an eating sore, which ends in mortification)
def=  death of tissue, usually in considerable mass and generally associated with loss of vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction. Cf. necrosis.

ID=701
EN=gastralgia
Etimol=(gastr- + -algia)
def=  gastric colic.

ID=702
EN=gastritis
Etimol=(gastr- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the stomach.

ID=703
EN=gastroduodenal
def= pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula.

ID=704
EN=gastroenteritis
Etimol=(gastro- + enteritis)
def=  an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis.

ID=705
EN=gastrointestinal
Etimol=(gastro- + intestinal)
def=  pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and intestine, as a gastrointestinal fistula.

ID=706
EN=gastrooesophageal
def= pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction.

ID=707
EN=genetic
def= pertaining to reproduction, or to birth or origin.

ID=708
EN=genital
Etimol=(L. genitalis belonging to birth)
def=  pertaining to the genitalia.

ID=709
EN=genitourinary
def= pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual.

ID=710
EN=geriatric
def= pertaining to the treatment of the aged.

ID=711
EN=germicide
def= an agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms.

ID=712
EN=gestation
Etimol=(L. gestatio, from gestare to bear)
def=  the period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth.

ID=713
EN=gingivitis
Etimol=(gingiv- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis.

ID=714
EN=glaucoma
def= (Gr. glaukoma opacity of the crystalline lens (from the dull grey gleam of the affected eye)) a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure which causes pathological changes in the optic disk and typical defects in the field of vision.

ID=715
EN=glomerular
def= pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus.

ID=716
EN=glomerulonephritis
Etimol=(glomerulus +nephritis)
def=  a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic forms and may be secondary to haemolytic streptococcal infection. Evidence also supports possible immune or autoimmune mechanisms.

ID=717
EN=glossitis
Etimol=(gloss- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the tongue.

ID=718
EN=glossodynia
Etimol=(glosso- + Gr. odyn pain)
def=  pain in the tongue; glossalgia.

ID=719
EN=glottis
Etimol=(Gr. glottis)
def=  (NA) the vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica) vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis).








ID=720
EN=glucose
Etimol=(Gr. gleukos sweetness; glykys sweet)
def=  D-glucose, a monosaccharide (hexose), C6H12O6, also known as dextrose (q.v.), found in certain foodstuffs, especially fruits, and in the normal blood of all animals. It is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, its utilization being controlled by insulin. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles for use as needed and, beyond that, is converted to fat and stored as adipose tissue. Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus.

ID=721
EN=gluten
Etimol=(L. 'glue')
def=  the protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character.

ID=722
EN=glycoside
def= any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc.

ID=723
EN=glycosuria
Etimol=(glyco- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  the presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours.

ID=724
EN=gonadal
def= pertaining to a gonad.

ID=725
EN=gonadotropic
Etimol=(gonad + Gr. tropos a turning)
def=  stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads.

ID=726
EN=gonioscopy
def= examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with the gonioscope.

ID=727
EN=gonorrhoea
Etimol=(gono- + Gr. rhein to flow)
def=  infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea.

ID=728
EN=gradual
def= taking place by a series of small changes over a long period; not sudden.

ID=729
EN=gram-negative
def= losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. Cf. gram- positive.

ID=730
EN=gram-positive
def= retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. Cf. gramnegative.

ID=731
EN=Grandry's corpuscles
Etimol=(M. Grandry, Belgian physician of the 19th century)
def=  menisci tactus.

ID=732
EN=granule
Etimol=(L. granulum)
def=  a small pill made from sucrose.

ID=733
EN=granulocytopenia
Etimol=(granulocyte + Gr. penia poverty)
def=  agranulocytosis.

ID=734
EN=gravidity
Etimol=(L. graviditas)
def=  pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome.

ID=735
EN=gynaecological
def= pertaining to gynaecology.

ID=736
EN=gynaecomastia
Etimol=(gyneco- + Gr. mastos breast)
def=  excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state.

ID=737
EN=habitual
def= of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary.

ID=738
EN=haematemesis
Etimol=(haemat- + Gr. emesis vomiting)
def=  the vomiting of blood.

ID=739
EN=haematoma
Etimol=(haemato- + -oma)
def=  a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel.








ID=740
EN=haematuria
Etimol=(haemat- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  blood in the urine.

ID=741
EN=haemeralopia
Etimol=(Gr. hmera day + alaos blind + -opia)
def=  day blindness; defective vision in a bright light.

ID=742
EN=haemodialysis
def= the removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer.

ID=743
EN=haemolysis
Etimol=(haemo- + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane.

ID=744
EN=haemopathy
Etimol=(haemo- + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  any disease of the blood.

ID=745
EN=haemoperfusion
def= =1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of blood through the vessels of a specific organ.
	=2. blood poured over or through an organ or tissue.

ID=746
EN=haemophilia
Etimol=(haemo- + -philia)
def=  a haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms : (1) haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; (2) haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also X-linked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses.

ID=747
EN=haemopoietic
def= haematopoietic; pertaining to or effecting the formation of blood cells.

ID=748
EN=haemoptysis
Etimol=(haemo- + Gr. ptyein to spit)
def=  the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum.

ID=749
EN=haemorrhage
Etimol=(haemo- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth)
def=  the escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma.

ID=750
EN=haemorrhoid
Etimol=(Gr. haimorrhois)
def=  a varicose dilatation of a vein of the superior or inferior haemorrhoidal plexus, resulting from a persistent increase in venous pressure.

ID=751
EN=haemostasis
Etimol=(haemo- + Gr. stasis halt)
def=  the arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means.

ID=752
EN=hallucination
Etimol=(L. hallucinatio; Gr. alyein to wander in the mind)
def=  a sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object.

ID=753
EN=haematological
def= relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.

ID=754
EN=hemiplegia
Etimol=(haemi- + Gr. plg stroke)
def=  paralysis of one side of the body.

ID=755
EN=hepatic
Etimol=(L. hepaticus; Gr. hpatikos)
def=  pertaining to the liver.

ID=756
EN=hepatitis
Etimol=(hepat- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the liver.

ID=757
EN=hepatobiliary
def= pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts.

ID=758
EN=hepatocellular
def= pertaining to or affecting liver cells.

ID=759
EN=hepatomegaly
def= enlargement of the liver.








ID=760
EN=hepatotoxic
def= toxic to liver cells.

ID=761
EN=heredity
Etimol=(L. hereditas)
def= =1. the genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.
	=2. the genetic constitution of an individual.

ID=762
EN=hermetic
Etimol=(L. hermeticus)
def=  impervious to air; airtight.

ID=763
EN=hernia
def= (he protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.

ID=764
EN=progenitalis
def= a group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2, characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2 infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury.

ID=765
EN=herpes
Etimol=(L.; Gr. herps, a spreading cutaneous eruption, from herpein to creep)
def=  any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster.

ID=766
EN=hirsutism
def= abnormal hairiness, especially an adult male pattern of hair distribution in women. Cf. hypertrichosis.

ID=767
EN=histologic, histological
def= pertaining to histology.

ID=768
EN=homeostasis
Etimol=(homeo- + Gr. stasis standing)
def=  a tendency to stability in the normal body states (internal environment) of the organism. It is achieved by a system of control mechanisms activated by negative feedback; e.g. a high level of carbon dioxide in extracellular fluid triggers increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn causes a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration.

ID=769
EN=homogeneous
Etimol=(homo- + Gr. genos kind)
def=  consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout.

ID=770
EN=homologous
Etimol=(Gr. homologos agreeing, correspondent)
def=  corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. Cf. analogous.

ID=771
EN=hormonal
def= pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone.

ID=772
EN=hospitalization
def= the confinement of a patient in a hospital, or the period of such confinement.

ID=773
EN=humeral
def= =1. of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus : brachial.
	=2. of or belonging to the shoulder.
	=3. of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder.

ID=774
EN=humeroscapular
def= humero- com form : humeral and < humerodorsal >. Scapular : of or relating to the shoulder or the scapula.

ID=775
EN=humoral
def= of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic.

ID=776
EN=humour
def= =1. a normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates.
	=2. a secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones).

ID=777
EN=hydration
def= the condition of being combined with water.

ID=778
EN=hydroalcoholic
Etimol=(hydr- + alcohol + -ic)
def=  of or relating to water and alcohol.

ID=779
EN=hydrocephalus
Etimol=(hydro- + Gr. kephal head)
def=  a condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, most often occurring secondarily to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, and accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull; the fluid is usually under increased pressure, but occasionally may be normal or nearly so. It is typically characterized by enlargement of the head, prominence of the forehead, brain atrophy, mental deterioration, and convulsions; may be congenital or acquired; and may be of sudden onset (acute h.) or be slowly progressive (chronic or primary b.).








ID=780
EN=hydrolysis
Etimol=(hydro- + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  the splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water, the hydroxyl group being incorporated in one fragment, and the hydrogen atom in the other.

ID=781
EN=hydrophilic
def= readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water.

ID=782
EN=hydrophobic
def= not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid.

ID=783
EN=hydroxylation
def= hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen.

ID=784
EN=hygienic
def= pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health.

ID=785
EN=hyperaemia
Etimol=(hyper + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  an excess of blood in a part; engorgement.

ID=786
EN=hyperaesthesia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. aisthsis sensation + -ia)
def=  increased sensitivity to stimulation.

ID=787
EN=hyperaldosteronism
def= aldosteronism.

ID=788
EN=hyperalgesia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. algsis pain)
def=  excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain.

ID=789
EN=hyperbaric
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. baros weight)
def=  characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference.

ID=790
EN=hypercapnia
Etimol=(hyper + Gr. kapnos smoke)
def=  excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.

ID=791
EN=hyperemesis
def= excessive vomiting.

ID=792
EN=hyperglycaemia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. glykys sweet +haima blood + -ia)
def=  abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood.

ID=793
EN=hyperhidrosis
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. hidrosis sweating)
def=  excessive perspiration. Called also hyperidrosis, polyhidrosis, and polyidrosis.

ID=794
EN=hyperkalaemia
def= Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.

ID=795
EN=hyperkeratosis
def= =1. hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. a disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils.

ID=796
EN=hyperkinesia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. kinsis motion + -ia)
def=  abnormally increased motor function or activity; hyperactivity.

ID=797
EN=hyperlipidaemia
Etimol=(hyper- + lipid + -emia)
def=  a general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc.

ID=798
EN=hyperostosis
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. osteon bone + -osis)
def=  hypertrophy of bone; exostosis.

ID=799
EN=hyperplasia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. plasis formation)
def=  the abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue. Cf. hypertrophy.








ID=800
EN=hyperpyrexia
def= exceptionally high fever either in comparison of the fever usually accompanying a particular disease or absolutely (as in heat stroke).

ID=801
EN=hyperreflexia
Etimol=(hyper- + reflex + -ia)
def=  exaggeration of reflexes.

ID=802
EN=hypersecretion
def= excessive secretion.

ID=803
EN=hypersensitivity
def= a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified as immediate or delayed, types I and IV, respectively, in the Gell and Coombs classification (q.v.) of immune responses.

ID=804
EN=hyperstimulation
def= excessive stimulation.

ID=805
EN=hypertension
Etimol=(hyper- + tension)
def=  persistently high arterial blood pressure. Various criteria for its threshold have been suggested, ranging from 140 mm. Hg systolic and 90 mm. Hg diastolic to as high as 200 mm. Hg systolic and 110 mm. Hg diastolic. Hypertension may have no known cause (essential or idiopathic h.) or be associated with other primary diseases (secondary h.).

ID=806
EN=hyperthermia
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. therm heat + -ia)
def=  abnormally high body temperature, especially that induced for therapeutic purposes.

ID=807
EN=hyperthyroidism
def= =1. excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland.
	=2. the abnormal condition resulting from hyperthyroidism marked by increased metabolic rate, enlargement of the thyroid gland, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and various secondary symptoms.

ID=808
EN=hypertonia
def= or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology: increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles.

ID=809
EN=hypertrichosis
Etimol=(hyper + Gr. thrix hair + -osis)
def=  excessive growth of the hair. Called also polytrichia and polytrichosis. Cf. hirsutism.

ID=810
EN=hypertrophy
Etimol=(hyper- + Gr. troph)
def=  nutrition) the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells. Cf. hyperplasia.

ID=811
EN=hyperuricaemia
def= excess of uric acid or urates in the blood; it is a prerequisite for the development or gout and may lead to renal disease. Called also uricacidaemia and, formerly, lithemia.

ID=812
EN=hyperventilation
def= a state in which there is an increased amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli (increased alveolar ventilation), resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide tension and eventually leading to alkalosis.

ID=813
EN=hypervitaminosis
def= a condition due to ingestion of an excess of one or more vitamins; called also supervitaminosis.

ID=814
EN=hypervolaemia
Etimol=(hyper- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.

ID=815
EN=hypnotic
Etimol=(Gr. hypnotikos)
def=  a drug that acts to induce sleep.

ID=816
EN=hypoacusis or hypacusis
Etimol=(hypo- Gr. akousis hearing)
def=  slightly diminished auditory sensitivity, with hearing threshold levels above the normal limit so that the impairment is measurable in decibels.

ID=817
EN=hypochondriasis
Etimol=(so called because it was supposed by the ancients to be due to disturbed function of the organs of the upper abdomen)
def=  (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis.

ID=818
EN=hypodermic
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. derma skin)
def=  applied or administered beneath the skin.

ID=819
EN=hypoglycaemia
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. glykys sweet + haima blood + -ia)
def=  an abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma.








ID=820
EN=hypogonadism
def= a condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.

ID=821
EN=hypokalaemia
def= abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders.

ID=822
EN=hypomania
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. mania madness)
def=  an abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity.

ID=823
EN=hypophyseal
def= hypophysial.

ID=824
EN=hypoplasia
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. plasis formation + -ia)
def=  incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue.

ID=825
EN=hypotension
def= abnormally low blood pressure; seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of it.

ID=826
EN=hypotensive
def= characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure.

ID=827
EN=hypothalamic
def= of or involving the hypothalamus.

ID=828
EN=hypothermia
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. therm heat + -ia)
def=  a low body temperature, as that due to exposure in cold weather or a state of low temperature of the body induced as a means of decreasing metabolism of tissues and thereby the need for oxygen, as used in various surgical procedures, especially on the heart, or in an excised organ being preserved for transplantation.

ID=829
EN=hypothesis
def= a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a basis for further investigation; a proposition that is subject to proof or to an experimental or statistical test.

ID=830
EN=hypothyroidism
def= deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism.

ID=831
EN=hypotonia
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. tonos tone + -ia)
def=  a condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching.

ID=832
EN=hypotrophy
Etimol=(hypo- + Gr. troph nutrition)
def=  abiotrophy.

ID=833
EN=hypouricaemia
def= deficiency of uric acid in the blood, along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid.

ID=834
EN=hypoventilation
def= a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.

ID=835
EN=hypovitaminosis
def= a condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins.

ID=836
EN=hypovolaemia
Etimol=(hypo- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.

ID=837
EN=hypoxemia
Etimol=(hypo- + oxygen + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia.

ID=838
EN=hypoxia
def= reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. Cf. anoxia.

ID=839
EN=hysterectomy
Etimol=(hystero- + Gr. ektom excision)
def=  the operation of excising the uterus, performed either through the abdominal wall (abdominal h.) or through the vagina (vaginal h.)








ID=840
EN=iatrogenic
Etimol=(iatro- + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. Cf. nosocomial.

ID=841
EN=ichthyosis
Etimol=(ichthy- + -osis)
def=  a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by increased or aberrant keratinization, resulting in noninflammatory scaling of the skin. Many different metaphors have been used to describe the appearance and texture of the skin in the various types and stages of ichthyosis, e.g. alligator, collodion, crocodile, fish, and porcupine skin. Most ichthyoses are genetically determined, while some may be acquired and develop in association with various systemic diseases or be a prominent feature in certain genetic syndromes. The term is commonly used alone to refer to i. vulgaris.

ID=842
EN=icterus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. ikteros)
def=  jaundice.

ID=843
EN=identical
def= having the same cause or origin.

ID=844
EN=identification
def= an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person patterns himself after another person.

ID=845
EN=idiopathic
def= of the nature of an idiopathy; self-originated; of unknown causation.

ID=846
EN=idiosyncrasy
Etimol=(idio- + Gr. synkrasis mixture)
def=  an abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual.

ID=847
EN=ileitis
def= inflammation of the ileum.

ID=848
EN=ileus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. eileos, from eilein to roll up)
def=  obstruction of the intestines.

ID=849
EN=immaturity
def= the state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed.

ID=850
EN=immobilization
def= the act of rendering immovable, as by a cast or splint.

ID=851
EN=immune
Etimol=(L. immunis free, exempt)
def=  protected against, infectious disease by either specific or nonspecific mechanisms.

ID=852
EN=immunity
Etimol=(L. immunitas)
def=  the condition of being immune; the protection against infectious disease conferred either by the immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other nonimmunologic factors (innate i.).

ID=853
EN=immunization
def= the induction of immunity.

ID=854
EN=immunogenic
def= producing immunity; evoking an immune response.

ID=855
EN=immunologic, immunological
def= pertaining to immunology.

ID=856
EN=immunosuppressant
def= an agent capable of suppressing immune responses.

ID=857
EN=impetigo
def= a contagious pyoderma caused by direct inoculation of group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus into superficial cutaneous abrasions or compromised skin, most commonly seen in children, usually located on the face, especially about the nose and mouth, and characterized by the presence of discrete fragile vesicles surrounded by an erythematous border that become pustular and rupture to discharge a thin, amber-coloured seropurulent fluid that dries and forms a thick yellowish crust; the pustules may spread peripherally with central healing, evolving into annular, circinate, or gyrate patterns; Called also i. contagiosa, i. vulgaris and streptococcal i.

ID=858
EN=implantation
Etimol=(L. in into + plantare to set)
def=  the insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material.

ID=859
EN=implication
def= a possible later effect of an action.








ID=860
EN=impotentia
def= impotence; inability.

ID=861
EN=impregnation
Etimol=(L. impregnatio)
def= =1. the act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant.
	=2. the process or act of saturation; a saturated condition.

ID=862
EN=inactive
def= not active.

ID=863
EN=inadequate
def= =1. not adequate of sufficient; inept of unsuitable.
	=2. Psychiatry, ineffectual in response to emotional, social, intellectual, and physical demands in the absence of any obvious mental or physical deficiency.

ID=864
EN=incarceration
Etimol=(L. incarceration-, incarceratio, Fr. L. incarceratus + -ion-, -io, -ion)
def=  abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible.

ID=865
EN=incidence
def= 1a. an act or the fact or manner of falling upon or affecting. 1b. rate, range, or amount of occurrence or influence.

ID=866
EN=incidental
def= =1. small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (to something) liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, ...)

ID=867
EN=incision
def= =1. cleft, cut, gash.
	=2. an act or action of incising.

ID=868
EN=incisive
def= =1. having the power or quality of cutting.
	=2. pertaining to the incisor teeth.

ID=869
EN=inclusive
def= including something, including much or all.

ID=870
EN=incompatible
Etimol=(L. incompatibilis)
def=  not suitable for combination or simultaneous administration; mutually repellent.

ID=871
EN=incompetence
Etimol=(L. in not + competens sufficient)
def=  physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency.

ID=872
EN=incontinence
Etimol=(L. incontinentia)
def=  inability to control excretory functions, as defecation (faecal i.) or urination (urinary i.).

ID=873
EN=incorporation
Etimol=(L. in into + corpus body)
def= =1. the union of one substance with another, or with others, in a composite mass.
	=2. in psychoanalytic theory, a primitive unconscious defense mechanism in which aspects of another person are assimilated into the self through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion.

ID=874
EN=incubation
Etimol=(L. incubatio)
def=  the development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms.

ID=875
EN=indicate
def= =1. to show the probable presence of existence or nature or course of : give fair evidence of : be a fairly certain sign or symptom of (...).
	=2. to demonstrate or suggest the probable necessity or advisability.

ID=876
EN=indication
Etimol=(L. indicatio)
def=  a sign or circumstance which points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attack of disease; that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning.

ID=877
EN=indicative
def= that indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly.

ID=878
EN=indirect
Etimol=(L. indirectus)
def= =1. not immediate or straight.
	=2. acting through an intermediary agent.

ID=879
EN=individual
def= marked by a distinctness and a complexity within a unity that characterizes organized things, concepts, organic beings and persons.








ID=880
EN=induction
Etimol=(L. inductio)
def=  the act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents.

ID=881
EN=induration
Etimol=(L. induratio)
def= =1. the quality of being hard; the process of hardening.
	=2. an abnormally hard spot or place.

ID=882
EN=inertia
def= inactivity, inability to move spontaneously.

ID=883
EN=infantile
Etimol=(L. infantilis)
def=  pertaining to an infant or to infancy.

ID=884
EN=infarction
Etimol=(L. infarcire to stuff in)
def= =1. the formation of an infarct.
	=2. an infarct.

ID=885
EN=infaust
Etimol=(L. infaustus unlucky)
def=  unfavourable.

ID=886
EN=infection
def= =1. invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system.
	=2. an infectious disease.

ID=887
EN=infiltration
Etimol=(L. in into + filtration)
def=  the diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated.

ID=888
EN=inflammation
Etimol=(L. inflammatio; inflammare to set on fire)
def=  a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off (sequester) both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. It is characterized in the acute form by the classical signs of pain (dolour), heat (colour), redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), and loss of function (functio laesa). Histologically, it involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leucocytic migration into the inflammatory focus.

ID=889
EN=influenza
Etimol=(Ital. 'influenza')
def=  an acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics striking many continents simultaneously or in sequence. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized myalgia. Fever, chills, and prostration are common. Involvement of the myocardium and of the central nervous system occur infrequently. A necrotizing bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia are prominent features of severe influenza and account for the susceptibility of patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The incubation period is one to three days and the disease ordinarily lasts for three to ten days. Influenza is caused by a number of serologically distinct strains of virus, designated A (with many subgroups), B, and C. Called also flu and grippe (grip).

ID=890
EN=infuse
def= to pour (a liquid) into something.

ID=891
EN=infusion
def= the therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, as saline solution, solution, into a vein.

ID=892
EN=ingestion
def= the act of taking food, medicines, etc., into the body, by mouth.

ID=893
EN=inguinal
Etimol=(L. inguinalis)
def=  pertaining to the inguen, or groin.

ID=894
EN=inhalation
Etimol=(L. inhalatio)
def=  the drawing of air or other substances into the lungs.

ID=895
EN=inherent
Etimol=(L. inhaerens sticking fast)
def=  implanted by nature; intrinsic; innate.

ID=896
EN=inhibition
Etimol=(L. inhibre to restrain, from in in + habre to hold)
def=  arrest or restraint of a process.

ID=897
EN=initial
Etimol=(L. initialis from initium beginning)
def=  pertaining to the very first stage of any process.

ID=898
EN=injection
Etimol=(L. injectio, from inicere to throw into)
def=  the act of forcing a liquid into a part, as into the subcutaneous tissues, the vascular tree, or an organ. Cf. infusion.

ID=899
EN=innervation
Etimol=(L. in into + nervus nerve)
def= =1. the distribution or supply of nerves to a part.
	=2. the supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part.








ID=900
EN=inoperable
def= not suitable to be operated upon.

ID=901
EN=inorganic
Etimol=(in- not + organic)
def=  pertaining to substances not of organic origin.

ID=902
EN=inotropic
Etimol=(ino- + Gr. trepein to turn or influence)
def=  affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions.

ID=903
EN=insertion
Etimol=(L. inserere to join to)
def= =1. the place of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone which it moves.
	=2. in genetics, a rare nonreciprocal translocation (q.v.) involving three breaks in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then inserted into a broken region of a nonhomologous chromosome.

ID=904
EN=in situ
def= in the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues.

ID=905
EN=insomnia
Etimol=(L. in not + somnus sleep + -ia)
def=  inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness.

ID=906
EN=inspiration
Etimol=(L. inspirare, from in in + spirare to breathe)
def=  the act of drawing air into the lungs.

ID=907
EN=instability
def= the quality or state of being unstable.

ID=908
EN=instillation
Etimol=(L. instillatio, from in into + stillare to drop)
def= .

ID=909
EN=instruction
def= the act of furnishing with authoritative directions.

ID=910
EN=insufficiency
Etimol=(L. insufficientia, from in not + sufficiens sufficient)
def=  the condition of being insufficient or inadequate to the performance of the allotted duty.

ID=911
EN=insult
Etimol=(L. insultus attack)
def=  injury or trauma; attack.

ID=912
EN=intact
def= of a living body or its parts : physically and functionally complete : having no relevant component removed or destroyed.

ID=913
EN=integrity
def= =1. quality of being honest and morally upright; 2. condition of being whole or undivided (a nation's integrity, the integrity of the patient).

ID=914
EN=integumentary
def= pertaining to or composed of skin.

ID=915
EN=intelligence
Etimol=(L. intelligere to understand)
def=  the ability to comprehend or understand.

ID=916
EN=intensity
Etimol=(L. intensus intense; in on + tendere to stretch)
def=  the condition or quality of being intense; a high degree of tension, activity, or energy.

ID=917
EN=intention tremor
def= a tremor which arises or which is intensified when a voluntary, coordinated movement is attempted.

ID=918
EN=interaction
def= the quality, state, or process of (two or more things) acting on each other.

ID=919
EN=intercostal
Etimol=(inter- ++ L. costa rib)
def=  situated between the ribs.








ID=920
EN=interference
Etimol=(inter- + L. ferire to strike)
def=  opposition or hampering of an action or procedure.

ID=921
EN=interindividual
def= occurring between two or more individuals.

ID=922
EN=intermediary
Etimol=(inter- + L. medius middle)
def= =1. performed or occurring in a median stage; neither early nor late; intermediate.
	=2. an intermediate stage.

ID=923
EN=intermittent
Etimol=(L. intermittens; inter between + mittere to send)
def=  occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity.

ID=924
EN=internal
Etimol=(L. internus)
def=  situated or occurring within or on the inside; many anatomical structures formerly called internal are now correctly termed medial.

ID=925
EN=interpretation
def= in psychotherapy, the therapist's explanation of the latent or hidden meanings of what the patient says, does, or experiences, in terms which are understandable to him.

ID=926
EN=interstitial
Etimol=(L. interstitialis; inter between + sistere to set)
def=  pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue.

ID=927
EN=intertrigo
Etimol=(inter- + L. terere to rub)
def=  a superficial dermatitis occurring on apposed skin surfaces, such as the axillae, creases of the neck, intergluteal fold, groin, between the toes, and beneath pendulous breasts, with obesity being a predisposing factor, caused by moisture, friction, warmth, and sweat retention, and characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, itching, and sometimes erosions, fissures, and exudations and secondary infections. Called also eczema intertrigo.

ID=928
EN=interval
Etimol=(inter- + vallum rampart)
def=  the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of time between two recurrences or paroxysms.

ID=929
EN=intervention
def= the act or fact of interfering so as to modify.

ID=930
EN=intervertebral
Etimol=(inter- + vertebra)
def=  situated between two contiguous vertebrae.

ID=931
EN=intestinal
Etimol=(L. intestinalis)
def=  pertaining to the intestine.

ID=932
EN=intolerance
Etimol=(L. in not + tolerare to bear)
def=  inability to withstand; sensitivity, as to a drug.

ID=933
EN=intoxication
Etimol=(L. in intensive + Gr. toxikon poison)
def=  poisoning, the state of being poisoned.

ID=934
EN=intraindividual
def= being or occurring within the individual.

ID=935
EN=intramuscular
Etimol=(intra- + L. musculus muscle)
def=  within the substance of a muscle.

ID=936
EN=intraocular
def= within the eye.

ID=937
EN=intrathecal
def= within a sheath.

ID=938
EN=intravascular
Etimol=(intra- + L. vasculum vessel)
def=  within a vessel or vessels.

ID=939
EN=intravenous
def= within a vein or veins.








ID=940
EN=intrinsic
Etimol=(L. intrinsecus, situated on the inside)
def=  situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part.

ID=941
EN=intubation
Etimol=(L. in into + tuba tube)
def=  the insertion of a tube into a body canal or hollow organ, as into the trachea or stomach.

ID=942
EN=invalidate
def= to weaken or make valueless : to discredit.

ID=943
EN=invasive
def= =1. having the quality of invasiveness.
	=2. involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques.

ID=944
EN=invert sugar
def= subjected to chemical inversion : inverted.

ID=945
EN=in vitro
def= within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment.

ID=946
EN=in vivo
def= within the living body.

ID=947
EN=involution
Etimol=(L. involutio; in into + volvere to roll)
def= =1. a rolling or turning inward.
	=2. one of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals.
	=3. a retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery.
	=4. the progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues.

ID=948
EN=ionization
def= =1. any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles.
	=2. iontophoresis.

ID=949
EN=ionogram
def= the result of ionography.

ID=950
EN=iridocyclitis
Etimol=(irido- + cyclitis)
def=  inflammation of the iris and of the ciliary body; anterior uveitis.

ID=951
EN=iritis
Etimol=(iris + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the iris, usually marked by pain, congestion in the ciliary region, photophobia, contraction of the pupil, and discoloration of the iris.

ID=952
EN=irreversible
def= incapable of being reversed.

ID=953
EN=irrigation
Etimol=(L. irrigatio, in into + rigare to carry water)
def=  washing by a stream of water or other fluid.

ID=954
EN=irritation
Etimol=(L. irritatio)
def=  a state of overexcitation and undue sensitivity.

ID=955
EN=ischemia
Etimol=(Gr. ischein to suppress + haima blood + -ia)
def=  deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel.

ID=956
EN=isolate
def= to separate from other persons, materials, or objects.

ID=957
EN=isotonic
Etimol=(iso- + Gr. tonos tone)
def=  a biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum.

ID=958
EN=jejunum
Etimol=(L. 'empty')
def=  (NA) that portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum.

ID=959
EN=juvenile
def= pertaining to youth or childhood; young or immature.








ID=960
EN=keloid
Etimol=(Gr. kl tumour + eidos form)
def=  a sharply elevated, irregularly- shaped, progressively enlarging scar due to the formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the corium during connective tissue repair.

ID=961
EN=keratitis
Etimol=(kerat- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the cornea. Cf. keratoconjunctivitis.

ID=962
EN=keratoconjunctivitis
Etimol=(kerato- + conjunctivitis)
def=  inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.

ID=963
EN=keratolytic
def= an agent that promotes keratolysis.

ID=964
EN=ketoacidosis
def= acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis.

ID=965
EN=kinetic
Etimol=(Gr. kintikos)
def=  pertaining to or producing motion.

ID=966
EN=koilonychia
Etimol=(koilo- + onyx nail + -ia)
def=  dystrophy of the fingernails, sometimes associated with iron deficiency anaemia, in which they are thin and concave, with the edges raises; called also spoon nail.

ID=967
EN=labile
Etimol=(L. labilis unstable, from labi to glide)
def= =1. gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating.
	=2. chemically unstable.

ID=968
EN=laceration
Etimol=(L. laceratio)
def= =1. the act of tearing.
	=2. a torn, ragged, mangled wound.

ID=969
EN=lacrimal
def= pertaining to the tears.

ID=970
EN=lactation
Etimol=(L. lactatio, from lactare to suckle)
def=  the period of the secretion of milk.

ID=971
EN=laryngitis
def= inflammation of the larynx, a condition attended with dryness and soreness of the throat, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia.

ID=972
EN=lassitude
Etimol=(L. lassitudo weariness)
def=  weakness; exhaustion.

ID=973
EN=latent period
def= a seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response.

ID=974
EN=lateral
Etimol=(L. lateralis)
def= =1. denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or of a structure.
	=2. pertaining to a side.

ID=975
EN=laxative
Etimol=(L. laxativus)
def=  an agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative.

ID=976
EN=lenticular
Etimol=(L. lenticularis)
def= =1. pertaining to or shaped like a lens.
	=2. pertaining to the crystalline lens.
	=3. pertaining to the lenticular nucleus.

ID=977
EN=lesion
Etimol=(L. laesio; laedere to hurt)
def=  any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or loss of function of a part.

ID=978
EN=lethal
Etimol=(L. lethalis, from lethum death)
def=  deadly, fatal.

ID=979
EN=lethargy
Etimol=(Gr. lthargia drowsiness)
def=  abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference.








ID=980
EN=leukaemia
def= an acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved.

ID=981
EN=leukocytic or leucocytic
def= pertaining to leucocytes.

ID=982
EN=leukocytosis or leucocytosis
def= a transient increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood, resulting from various causes, as haemorrhage, fever, infection, inflammation, etc.

ID=983
EN=leukopenia or leucopenia
Etimol=(leucocyte + Gr. penia poverty)
def=  reduction in the number of leucocytes in the blood, the count being 5000 per cu. mm. or less.

ID=984
EN=leukoplakia or leucoplakia
Etimol=(leuko- + Gr. plax plate + -ia)
def= =1. a white patch on a mucous membrane that will not rub off.
	=2. oral.

ID=985
EN=leukorrhea or leucorrhea
Etimol=(leuko- + Gr. rhoia flow)
def=  a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina and uterine cavity.

ID=986
EN=libido
def= sexual desire.

ID=987
EN=lichenification
def= hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder.

ID=988
EN=ligament
def= a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints.

ID=989
EN=limbic
def= pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around.

ID=990
EN=linear
Etimol=(L. linearis)
def=  pertaining to or resembling a line.

ID=991
EN=lipid
def= any of a heterogeneous group of flats and fatlike substances characterized by being water-insoluble and being extractable by nonpolar (or fat) solvents such as alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. All contain as a major constituent aliphatic hydrocarbons. The lipids, which are easily stored in the body, serve as a source of fuel, are an important constituent of cell structure, and serve other biological functions. Lipids may be considered to include fatty acids, neutral fats, waxes, and steroids. Compound lipids comprise the glycolipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipids.

ID=992
EN=lipodystrophy
Etimol=(lipo- + dystrophy)
def= =1. any disturbance of fat metabolism.
	=2. a group of conditions due to defective metabolism of fat, resulting in the absence of subcutaneous fat, which may be congenital or acquired and partial or total. Called also lipoatrophy and lipodystrophia.

ID=993
EN=lipophilic
def= having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia.

ID=994
EN=lipoprotein
def= any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons.

ID=995
EN=liposome
Etimol=(lipo- + Gr. soma body)
def=  a spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment.

ID=996
EN=liquifilm
def= a thin liquid layer of coating.

ID=997
EN=liquor
def= =1. a liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance.
	=2. a general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. See also solution.

ID=998
EN=livedo
def= a discoloured spot or patch on the skin, commonly due to passive congestion; commonly used alone to refer to l. reticularis.

ID=999
EN=loading dose
def= a quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug








ID=1000
EN=lobe
Etimol=(L. globus, from Gr. lobos)
def=  a more or less well-defined portion of any organ, especially of the brain, lungs, and glands. Lobes are demarcated by fissures, sulci, connective tissue, and by their shape.

ID=1001
EN=local
Etimol=(L. localis)
def=  restricted to or pertaining to one spot or part; not general.

ID=1002
EN=localization
def= =1. the determination of the site or place of any process or lesion.
	=2. restriction to a circumscribed or limited area.
	=3. prelocalization.

ID=1003
EN=lochia
Etimol=(Gr. lochia)
def=  the vaginal discharge that takes place during the first week or two after childbirth.

ID=1004
EN=locomotor
def= of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body.

ID=1005
EN=locoregional
def= the characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, ...)

ID=1006
EN=luetic
def= syphilitic: affected with, caused by, or pertaining to syphilis.

ID=1007
EN=lumbago
Etimol=(L. lumbus loin)
def=  pain in the lumbar region.

ID=1008
EN=lumbar
def= pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis.

ID=1009
EN=lumen
Etimol=(L. 'light')
def=  the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.

ID=1010
EN=luxatio
def= dislocation.

ID=1011
EN=lymphadenopathy
Etimol=(lymphaden + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  disease of the lymph nodes.

ID=1012
EN=lymphangitis
def= inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels.

ID=1013
EN=lymphocytic
def= pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of lymphocytes.

ID=1014
EN=lymphoma
Etimol=(lymph- + -oma)
def=  any neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue, the term lymphoma often is used alone to denote malignant lymphoma.

ID=1015
EN=lyophilisate
def= the product of lyophilization ( the creation of a stable preparation of a biological substance, such as blood plasma or serum, by rapid freezing and dehydration of the frozen product under high vacuum).

ID=1016
EN=lytic
def= =1. pertaining to lysis or to a lysin.
	=2. producing lysis.

ID=1017
EN=maceration
Etimol=(L. maceratio)
def=  the softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death.

ID=1018
EN=macula
def= a stain, spot, or thickening (NA). Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae.

ID=1019
EN=maculopapular
def= both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated.








ID=1020
EN=malabsorption
def= impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients.

ID=1021
EN=malaise
def= a vague feeling of bodily discomfort.

ID=1022
EN=malformation
Etimol=(L. malus evil + formatio a forming)
def=  a morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process.

ID=1023
EN=malignant
Etimol=(L. malignans acting maliciously)
def=  tending to become progressively worse and to result in death. Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis; said of tumours.

ID=1024
EN=mammary
Etimol=(L. mammarius)
def=  pertaining to the mamma, or breast.

ID=1025
EN=mania
def= excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood.

ID=1026
EN=manic
def= affected with mania.

ID=1027
EN=manifest
def= being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour.

ID=1028
EN=manifestation
def= something that manifest or constitutes on expression of something else : a perceptible, outward, or visible expression.

ID=1029
EN=massage
Etimol=(Fr.; Gr. massein to knead)
def=  the systematic therapeutic friction, stroking, and kneading of the body.

ID=1030
EN=massive
def= having a solid bulky form; heavy; in a mass; complete.

ID=1031
EN=masticatory
def= =1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication.
	=2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed.

ID=1032
EN=mastitis
Etimol=(mast- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the mammary gland, or breast.

ID=1033
EN=mastocyte
Etimol=(German Mast food + -cyte)
def=  a mast cell.

ID=1034
EN=mastodynia
Etimol=(masto- + Gr. odyn pain)
def=  pain in the breast.

ID=1035
EN=mastoiditis
def= inflammation of the mastoid antrum and cells.

ID=1036
EN=maxillary
Etimol=(L. maxillaris)
def=  pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw.

ID=1037
EN=maximal
def= the greatest possible, allowable, or appreciable; the reverse of minimal.

ID=1038
EN=maximum
Etimol=(L. 'greatest')
def= =1. the greatest possible or actual effect or quantity.
	=2. the acme of a disease or process.

ID=1039
EN=mechanism
Etimol=(Gr. mchan machine)
def=  the manner of combination of parts; processes, etc., which subserve a common function.








ID=1040
EN=median
Etimol=(L. medianus)
def=  any value that divides the probability of a random variable in half, i.e. the probability of observing a value above the median and the probability of observing a value below the median are both less than or equal to one half. For a finite population or sample, the median is the middle value of an odd number of values (arranged in ascending order) or any value between the two middle values of an even number of values; in the latter case it is conventional to use the average of the two middle values.

ID=1041
EN=mediate
def= indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium.

ID=1042
EN=mediator
def= an object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte.

ID=1043
EN=medical
def= pertaining to medicine or to the treatment of diseases; pertaining to medicine as opposed to surgery.

ID=1044
EN=medicament
Etimol=(L. medicamentum)
def=  a medicinal substance or agent.

ID=1045
EN=medication
Etimol=(L. medicatio)
def=  impregnation with a medicine.
	=2. the ad-ministration of remedies.
	=3. a medicament.

ID=1046
EN=medicinal
Etimol=(L. medicinalis)
def= =1. having healing qualities.
	=2. pertaining to a medicine or to healing.

ID=1047
EN=medullary
Etimol=(L. medullaris)
def=  pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow.

ID=1048
EN=megacolon
def= an abnormally large or dilated colon; the condition may be congenital or acquired, acute or chronic.

ID=1049
EN=megaloblastic
def= a large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia.

ID=1050
EN=melena
Etimol=(Gr. melaina, feminine of Gr. melas black)
def= =1. the passage of dark, pitchy, and grumous stools stained with blood pigments or with altered blood.
	=2. black vomit.

ID=1051
EN=melanoma
Etimol=(melano- + -oma)
def=  a tumour arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. When used alone the term refers to malignant melanoma.

ID=1052
EN=melanosis
Etimol=(melano- + -osis)
def=  a disorder caused by a disturbance in melanin pigmentation; melanism.

ID=1053
EN=membrane
def= a thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or organ.

ID=1054
EN=menarche
Etimol=(Gr. mn month + arch beginning)
def=  the establishment or beginning of the menstrual function.

ID=1055
EN=meningitis
Etimol=(Gr. mninx membrane + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper.

ID=1056
EN=menopause
Etimol=(meno- + Gr. pausis cessation)
def=  cessation of menstruation in the human female, occurring usually around the age of 50.

ID=1057
EN=menorrhagia
Etimol=(meno- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth)
def=  excessive uterine bleeding occurring at the regular intervals of menstruation, the period of flow being of greater than usual duration.

ID=1058
EN=menstruation
def= the cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus; it is under hormonal control and normally recurs, usually at approximately four-week intervals, in the absence of pregnancy during the reproductive period (puberty through menopause) of the female of the human and a few species of primates. It is the culmination of the menstrual cycle.

ID=1059
EN=mental
Etimol=(L. mens mind)
def=  pertaining to the mind; psychic.
	=2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin.








ID=1060
EN=mesenteric
Etimol=(Gr. mesenterikos)
def=  pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall.

ID=1061
EN=metabolism
Etimol=(Gr. metaballein to turn about, change, alter)
def=  the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism).

ID=1062
EN=metabolite
def= any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process.

ID=1063
EN=metabolization
def= the chemical process by which matter is broken down into simpler substances, said especially of food processed by the human body.

ID=1064
EN=metaplasia
Etimol=(meta- + Gr. plassein to form)
def=  the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form which is not formal for that tissue.

ID=1065
EN=metastasis
Etimol=(meta- + Gr. stasis stand)
def= =1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to transfer of cells, as in malignant tumours. The capacity to metastasize is a characteristic of all malignant tumours.
	=2. Pl. metastases. A growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process.

ID=1066
EN=meteorism
Etimol=(Gr. meteorizein to raise up)
def=  tympanites; the presence of gas in the abdomen or intestine.

ID=1067
EN=methaemoglobinaemia
Etimol=(methemoglobin + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  the presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. It may be drug-induced or be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in haemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait).

ID=1068
EN=metrorrhagia
Etimol=(metro- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst out)
def=  uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount, occurring at completely irregular intervals, the period of flow sometimes being prolonged.

ID=1069
EN=micelle
def= a colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules.

ID=1070
EN=microbiological
def= pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses.

ID=1071
EN=microcirculation
def= the flow of blood in the entire system of finer vessels (100 microns or less in diameter) of the body (the microvasculature).

ID=1072
EN=microgram
def= a unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (10-6 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.).

ID=1073
EN=micrography
Etimol=(micro- + Gr. graphein to write)
def=  examination with the microscope.

ID=1074
EN=micronize
Etimol=(Gr. micron a small thing)
def=  to reduce to a fine powder, to reduce to particles a micron in diameter.

ID=1075
EN=microorganism
Etimol=(micro- + organism)
def=  a microscopic organism; those of medical interest include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.

ID=1076
EN=microscopic, microscopical
def= =1. of extremely small size; visible only by the aid of the microscope.
	=2. pertaining or relating to a microscope or to microscopy.

ID=1077
EN=microsomal
def= of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells.

ID=1078
EN=microsporum
Etimol=(micro + Gr. sporos seed)
def=  a genus of small-spored ectothrix ringworm fungi (dermatophytes) of the Fungi Imperfecti, order Moniliales, family Moniliaceae, which cause various diseases of the skin and hair. As the perfect (sexual) stages are identified, they are classified in the genus Nannizzia. Called also microsporon.

ID=1079
EN=microvillus
def= a minute process or protrusion from the free surface of a cell.








ID=1080
EN=micturition
Etimol=(L. micturire to urinate)
def=  the passage of urine; urination.

ID=1081
EN=migraine
Etimol=(Fr., from Gr. hemikrania an affection of half of the head)
def=  an often familial symptom complex of periodic attacks of vascular headache, usually temporal and unilateral in onset, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhoea, and often photophobia; attacks are preceded by constriction of the cranial arteries, usually with resultant prodromal sensory (especially ocular) symptoms, and commence with the vasodilation that follows.

ID=1082
EN=mime
def= facial expression. (NOT: mimicry = adaptation for survival in which an organism takes on the semblance another organism or a non-living object.)

ID=1083
EN=mineralization
def= the action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized.

ID=1084
EN=mineralocorticoid
def= =1. any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH.
	=2. of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid.

ID=1085
EN=minimal
Etimol=(L. minimus least)
def=  smallest or least; the smallest possible.

ID=1086
EN=minimize
def= to reduce to the smallest possible number, degree, or extent.

ID=1087
EN=minimum
Etimol=(L. 'smallest')
def=  the smallest amount or lowest limit.

ID=1088
EN=miotic
def= =1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil.
	=2. an agent that causes the pupil to contract.
	=3. meiotic : characterized by cell division.

ID=1089
EN=miscible
def= susceptible of being mixed.

ID=1090
EN=mitosis
def= a method of indirect division of a cell, consisting of a complex of various processes, by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. Mitosis, the process by which the body grows and replaces cells, is divided into four phases.
	=1. Prophase : formation of paired chromosomes; disappearance of nuclear membrane; appearance of the achromatic spindle; formation of polar bodies.
	=2. Metaphase : arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster. Chromosomes separate into exactly similar halves.
	=3. Anaphase : the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibres of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster.
	=4. Telophase : the daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum and the daughter nuclei are formed; the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells. NOTE : the term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division, but strictly speaking it refers to nuclear division, whereas cytokinesis refers to division of the cytoplasm. In some cells, as in many fungi and the fertilized eggs of many insects, nuclear division occurs within the cell unaccompanied by division of the cytoplasm and formation of daughter cells.

ID=1091
EN=mobility
Etimol=(L. mobilitas)
def=  capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely.

ID=1092
EN=mobilization
def= the process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body.

ID=1093
EN=modify
def= to change somewhat the form or qualities of; alter partially.

ID=1094
EN=modulator
def= a specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region.

ID=1095
EN=molecular
def= of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter.

ID=1096
EN=monitoring
def= the process of continually checking, observing, recording or testing the operation of some procedure. Monitoring occurs e.g. during anaesthesia or radiation.

ID=1097
EN=monocomponent
def= a drug containing only one significant molecule.

ID=1098
EN=mononucleosis
def= the presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis.

ID=1099
EN=monotherapy
def= a therapy which uses only one drug.








ID=1100
EN=morbidity
def= a diseased condition or state; the incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a population.

ID=1101
EN=morphinomimetic
def= marked by simulation of (body processes induced by) morphine.

ID=1102
EN=mortality
def= the mortality rate; the proportion of deaths to population or to a specific number of the population.

ID=1103
EN=motility
def= the ability to move spontaneously.

ID=1104
EN=motor
def= a muscle, nerve, or centre that effects or produces movement.

ID=1105
EN=mucociliary
def= pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, ...): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system).

ID=1106
EN=mucocutaneous
Etimol=(mucus + cutaneous)
def=  pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin.

ID=1107
EN=mucolytic
def= destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus.

ID=1108
EN=mucopurulent
def= containing both mucus and pus.

ID=1109
EN=mucosa
Etimol=(L. 'mucus')
def=  a mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa.

ID=1110
EN=mucus
def= the free slime of the mucous membranes, composed of secretion of the glands, along with various inorganic salts, desquamated cells, and leucocytes.

ID=1111
EN=multidose
def= occurring in, or using multiple doses.

ID=1112
EN=multiparous
def= =1. having had two or more pregnancies which resulted in viable fetuses.
	=2. producing several ova or offspring at one time.

ID=1113
EN=multiple
Etimol=(L. multiplex)
def=  manifold; occurring in or affecting various parts of the body at once.

ID=1114
EN=muscle relaxant
Etimol=(L. relaxare to loosen)
def=  an agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds).

ID=1115
EN=muscular
Etimol=(L. muscularis)
def=  pertaining to or composing muscle.

ID=1116
EN=musculature
def= the muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it.

ID=1117
EN=mutagenic
def= inducing genetic mutation.

ID=1118
EN=mutation
Etimol=(L. mutatio from mutare to change)
def= =1. a change in form, quality, or some other characteristic.
	=2. in genetics, a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material, usually in a single gene. Also, an individual exhibiting such a change. Called also (in classical genetics) a sport.

ID=1119
EN=mutism
Etimol=(L. mutus unable to speak, inarticulate)
def=  inability or refusal to speak.








ID=1120
EN=myalgia
Etimol=(my- + algia)
def=  pain in a muscle or muscles.

ID=1121
EN=myasthenia
Etimol=(my- + Gr. astheneia weakness)
def=  muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle.

ID=1122
EN=mycobacterium
def= an organism of the genus Mycobacterium.

ID=1123
EN=mycological
def= relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi.

ID=1124
EN=mycosis
Etimol=(myco- + -osis)
def=  any disease caused by a fungus.

ID=1125
EN=mycotic
def= pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi.

ID=1126
EN=mydriatic
def= =1. dilating the pupil.
	=2. any drug that dilates the pupil.

ID=1127
EN=myeloma
Etimol=(myelo- + -oma)
def=  a tumour composed of cells of the type normally found in the bone marrow.

ID=1128
EN=myelomatosis
def= multiple myeloma.

ID=1129
EN=myelosuppression
def= suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of platelets, red cells, and white cells.

ID=1130
EN=myelotoxic
Etimol=(myelo- + Gr. toxikon poison)
def= =1. destructive to bone marrow.
	=2. arising from diseased bone marrow.

ID=1131
EN=myocarditis
Etimol=(myo- + Gr. kardia heart + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart.

ID=1132
EN=myopathy
Etimol=(myo- + -pathy)
def=  any disease of a muscle.

ID=1133
EN=myopia
Etimol=(Gr. myein to shut + -opia)
def=  that error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation.

ID=1134
EN=myositis
Etimol=(Gr. myos of muscle + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a voluntary muscle.

ID=1135
EN=nadir
def= the lowest point; point of greatest adversity or despair.

ID=1136
EN=narcotic
Etimol=(Gr. narkotikos benumbing, deadening)
def= =1. pertaining to or producing narcosis.
	=2. an agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions.

ID=1137
EN=nasal
Etimol=(L. nasalis)
def=  pertaining to the nose.

ID=1138
EN=nasolacrimal
def= pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus.

ID=1139
EN=natriuresis
Etimol=(L. natrium sodium + Gr. oursis a making water)
def=  the excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine.








ID=1140
EN=nausea
Etimol=(L.; Gr. nausia seasickness)
def=  an unpleasant sensation, vaguely referred to the epigastrium and abdomen, and often culminating in vomiting.

ID=1141
EN=necrolysis
Etimol=(necro- + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis.

ID=1142
EN=necrosis
Etimol=(Gr. nekrosis deadness)
def=  the sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ.

ID=1143
EN=negative
def= not affirming the presence of the organism or condition in question <a negative diagnosis>

ID=1144
EN=neonatal
Etimol=(neo- + L. natus born)
def=  pertaining to the first four weeks after birth.

ID=1145
EN=neoplastic
def= pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm).

ID=1146
EN=nephritis
Etimol=(Gr. nephros kidney + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue.

ID=1147
EN=nephrolith
Etimol=(nephro- + Gr. lithos stone)
def=  a renal calculus; gravel in a kidney.

ID=1148
EN=nephropathy
Etimol=(nephro- + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  disease of the kidneys.

ID=1149
EN=nephrotic
def= pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis.

ID=1150
EN=nephrotoxic
def= toxic or destructive to kidney cells.

ID=1151
EN=nervousness
def= excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest.

ID=1152
EN=neural
Etimol=(L. neuralis; Gr. neuron nerve)
def= =1. pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves.
	=2. situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch.

ID=1153
EN=neuralgia
Etimol=(neur- + -algia)
def=  paroxysmal pain which extends along the course of one or more nerves. Many varieties of neuralgia are distinguished according to the part affected or to the cause, as brachial, facial, occipital, supraorbital, etc., or anaemic, diabetic, gouty, malarial, syphilitic, etc.

ID=1154
EN=neuritis
Etimol=(neur- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a nerve, a condition attended by pain and tenderness over the nerves, anaesthesia and paraesthesias, paralysis, wasting, and disappearance of the reflexes. In practice, the term is also used to denote noninflammatory lesions of the peripheral nervous system; see neuropathy.

ID=1155
EN=neurodermatitis
Etimol=(neuro- + dermatitis)
def=  an extremely variable eczematous dermatosis presumed to be a cutaneous response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus, having the potential to produce polymorphic lesions at the same or different times, and varying in severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. It is believed by some authorities to be a psychogenic disorder. The term is also used to refer to lichen simplex chronicus (circumscribed n.) and sometimes to atopic dermatitis (disseminated n.).

ID=1156
EN=neuroleptanalgesia
Etimol=(neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold + analgesia)
def=  a state of quiescence, altered awareness, and analgesia produced by the administration of a combination of a narcotic analgesic and a neuroleptic agent.

ID=1157
EN=neuroleptic
Etimol=(neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold, a seizure)
def=  a term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity.

ID=1158
EN=neurologic
def= pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system.

ID=1159
EN=neuromuscular
def= pertaining to muscles and nerves.








ID=1160
EN=neuronal
def= pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system).

ID=1161
EN=neuropathy
def= a general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system. The etiology may be known e.g. arsenical n., diabetic n., ischemic n., traumatic n.) or unknown. Encephalopathy and myelopathy are corresponding terms relating to involvement of the brain and spinal cord, respectively. The term is also used to designate noninflammatory lesions in the peripheral nervous system, in contrast to inflammatory lesions (neuritis).

ID=1162
EN=neurotic
def= =1. pertaining to or characterized by neurosis.
	=2. a person affected with a neurosis.

ID=1163
EN=neurotoxic
def= poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue.

ID=1164
EN=neurotransmitter
def= any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin.

ID=1165
EN=neurovegetative
def= pertaining to the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system.

ID=1166
EN=neutralization
def= an act or process of neutralizing.

ID=1167
EN=neutropenia
def= leukopenia in which the decrease in white blood cells is chiefly in neutrophils.

ID=1168
EN=neutrophil
Etimol=(of a cell or cell part)
def=  having an affinity for neutral dyes.

ID=1169
EN=nidation
Etimol=(L. nidus nest)
def=  implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium.

ID=1170
EN=nil
def= nothing, zero.

ID=1171
EN=nocturia
Etimol=(L. nox night + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  excessive urination at night.

ID=1172
EN=nocturnal
Etimol=(L. nocturnus)
def=  pertaining to, occurring at, or active at night.

ID=1173
EN=nodose
Etimol=(L. nodosus)
def=  having nodes or projections.

ID=1174
EN=nonspecific
def= =1. not due to any single known cause, as to a particular pathogen.
	=2. not directed against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect, as nonspecific therapy.

ID=1175
EN=normalization
def= the process of bringing or restoring to the normal standard.

ID=1176
EN=normotensive
def= =1. characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure.
	=2. a person with normal blood pressure.

ID=1177
EN=nosocomial
Etimol=(nosa- + Gr. komeion to take care of)
def=  pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. Cf. iatrogenic.

ID=1178
EN=nulliparous
def= having never given birth to a viable infant.

ID=1179
EN=nummular
Etimol=(L. nummularis)
def=  coin-sized and coin-shaped.








ID=1180
EN=nutrient
Etimol=(L. nutriens)
def= =1. nourishing, affording nutriment.
	=2. a nutritious substance; food, or a component of food.

ID=1181
EN=nystagmus
Etimol=(Gr. nystagmos drowsiness, from nystazein to nod)
def=  an involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties.

ID=1182
EN=obesity
Etimol=(L. obesus fat)
def=  an increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirement, as the result of an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.

ID=1183
EN=objective
Etimol=(L. objectivus)
def= =1. perceptible to the external senses.
	=2. the lens or system of lenses in a microscope (or telescope) that is nearest to the object under examination.

ID=1184
EN=observation
def= an act or the faculty of observing or taking notice : an act of seeing or fixing the mind upon something; an act of recognizing and noting measurement of some magnitude with suitable instruments.

ID=1185
EN=obsession
Etimol=(L. obsessio)
def=  a recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and self-doubt.

ID=1186
EN=obstetric, obstetrical
Etimol=(L. obstetricius)
def=  pertaining to obstetrics (= branch of surgery that deals with pregnancy, labour and puerperium.

ID=1187
EN=obstipation
Etimol=(L. obstipatio)
def=  intractable constipation.

ID=1188
EN=obstruction
Etimol=(L. obstructio)
def= =1. the act of blocking or clogging.
	=2. the state or condition of being clogged.

ID=1189
EN=occasional
def= appearing or occurring irregularly and according to no fixed or certain scheme.

ID=1190
EN=occlusion
Etimol=(L. occlusio)
def= =1. the act of closure or state of being closed.
	=2. the relationship between all of the components of the masticatory system in normal function, dysfunction, and parafunction.
	=3. momentary complete closure of some area in the vocal tract, causing stoppage of the breath and accumulation of pressure.

ID=1191
EN=occult
def= obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand.

ID=1192
EN=ocular
Etimol=(L. ocularis, from oculus eye)
def= =1. of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye.
	=2. eyepiece.

ID=1193
EN=oculogyric
def= pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oculogyration (circular movements of the eyeballs, as in an oculogyric crisis).

ID=1194
EN=oculomucocutaneous
def= pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin around the eyes.

ID=1195
EN=odour
def= a volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell.

ID=1196
EN=oedema
Etimol=(Gr. oidema swelling)
def=  the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca.

ID=1197
EN=oesophagitis
Etimol=(esophagus + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the esophagus.

ID=1198
EN=oestrogen
def= a generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders.

ID=1199
EN=oligoelement
def= a chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms.








ID=1200
EN=oligomenorrhoea
Etimol=(oligo- + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow)
def=  markedly diminished menstrual flow; relative amenorrhea.

ID=1201
EN=oliguria
Etimol=(oligo- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  secretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake. Called also hypouresis and oligouresis.

ID=1202
EN=oncolytic
def= pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of tumour cells).

ID=1203
EN=oncotic
def= pertaining to, caused by, or marked by swelling.

ID=1204
EN=oophorectomy
Etimol=(oophor- + Gr. ektom excision)
def=  the removal of an ovary or ovaries; called also ovariectomy.

ID=1205
EN=opalescent
def= showing a milky iridescence, like an opal.

ID=1206
EN=ophthalmic
def= pertaining to the eye.

ID=1207
EN=ophthalmologic
def= pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye).

ID=1208
EN=opiate
def= a remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep.

ID=1209
EN=opisthotonos
Etimol=(opistho- + Gr. tonos tension)
def=  a form of spasm in which the head and the heels are bent backward and the body bowed forward.

ID=1210
EN=opportunistic
def= =1. denoting a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but that, under certain circumstances (e.g. impaired immune responses resulting from other disease or drug treatment), becomes pathogenic.
	=2. denoting a disease or infection caused by such an organism.

ID=1211
EN=optic
Etimol=(Gr. optikos of or for sight)
def=  of or pertaining to the eye.

ID=1212
EN=optimal
def= the best; the most favourable.

ID=1213
EN=oral
def= pertaining to the mouth, taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication or an oral thermometer.

ID=1214
EN=orbital
def= pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball).

ID=1215
EN=orchitis
Etimol=(orchio- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis.

ID=1216
EN=organism
def= any individual living thing, whether animal or plant.

ID=1217
EN=orgasm
Etimol=(Gr. orgasmos swelling, or organ to swell, to be lustful)
def=  the apex and culmination of sexual excitement.

ID=1218
EN=orientation
def= awareness of one's environment, with reference to p lace, time, and people.

ID=1219
EN=orofacial
def= of or relating to the mouth and face.








ID=1220
EN=orthopaedic
Etimol=(ortho- + Gr. pais child)
def=  pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics.

ID=1221
EN=orthostatic
Etimol=(ortho- + Gr. statikos causing to stand)
def=  pertaining to or caused by standing erect.

ID=1222
EN=osmolality
def= the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering.

ID=1223
EN=osmolarity
def= the concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution.

ID=1224
EN=osmotic
def= pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent).

ID=1225
EN=ossicle
Etimol=(L. ossiculum)
def=  a small bone.

ID=1226
EN=ossification
Etimol=(L. ossificatio)
def=  the formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

ID=1227
EN=osteoarthritis
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis)
def=  noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins, and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.

ID=1228
EN=osteodystrophy
def= defective bone formation.

ID=1229
EN=osteolysis
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. lysis dissolution)
def=  dissolution of bone; applied especially to the removal or loss of the calcium of bone.

ID=1230
EN=osteomalacia
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. malakia softness)
def=  a condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium.

ID=1231
EN=osteomyelitis
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. myelos marrow)
def=  inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum.

ID=1232
EN=osteoporosis
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. poros passage + -osis)
def=  reduction in the amount of bone mass, leading to fractures after minimal trauma.

ID=1233
EN=osteotomy
Etimol=(osteo- + Gr. temnein to cut)
def=  the surgical cutting of a bone.

ID=1234
EN=otitis
Etimol=(ot- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo.

ID=1235
EN=otorhinolaryngology
Etimol=(oto- + Gr. rhis nose + larynx larynx + -logy)
def=  that branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat.

ID=1236
EN=otorrhea
Etimol=(oto- + Gr. rhoia to flow)
def=  a discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one.

ID=1237
EN=otosclerosis
Etimol=(oto- + Gr. sklrosis hardening)
def=  a pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of the ear, in which there is formation of spongy bone (otospongiosis), especially in front of and posterior to the footplate of the stapes; it may cause bony ankylosis of the stapes, resulting in conductive hearing loss. Cochlear otosclerosis may also develop, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss.

ID=1238
EN=ototoxic
def= having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance.

ID=1239
EN=ovarian
def= pertaining to an ovary or ovaries (= female gonad).








ID=1240
EN=overdosage
def= =1. the administration of an excessive dose.
	=2. the condition resulting from an excessive dose.

ID=1241
EN=overdose
def= =1. to administer an excessive dose.
	=2. an excessive dose.

ID=1242
EN=ovulation
def= the discharge of a secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle of the ovary.

ID=1243
EN=ovum
def= =1. the female reproductive cell which, after fertilization, develops into a new member of the same species (von Baer, 1827); an egg.
	=2. the human ovum : a round cell about 0.1 mm. in diameter, produced in the ovary, where there is deposited around it a noncellular covering (oolemma; zona pellucida; zona radiata). It consists of protoplasm which contains some yolk, enclosed by a thin cell wall (vitelline membrane). There is a large nucleus (germinal vesicle), within which is a nucleolus (germinal spot). By extension, the word is also used to designate any early stage of the conceptus, when the embryo itself constitutes a tiny and insignificant part of the whole.

ID=1244
EN=oxidation
def= the act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.

ID=1245
EN=oxygenation
def= the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 - oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen.

ID=1246
EN=oxytocic
def= =1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labour).
	=2. an agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium.

ID=1247
EN=pacemaker
def= an object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions.

ID=1248
EN=paediatric
def= of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics.

ID=1249
EN=palliative
Etimol=(L. palliatus cloaked)
def= =1. affording relief, but not cure.
	=2. an alleviating medicine.

ID=1250
EN=palpebra
def= eyelid; either of the two movable folds that protect the anterior surface of the eyeball.

ID=1251
EN=palpitation
Etimol=(L. palpitatio)
def=  a subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat.

ID=1252
EN=pancreatitis
def= acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia.

ID=1253
EN=pancytopenia
Etimol=(pan- + cyto- + -penia)
def=  deficiency of all cell elements of the blood; aplastic anaemia.

ID=1254
EN=panniculitis
Etimol=(panniculus + -itis)
def=  an inflammatory reaction of the subcutaneous fat, which may involve the connective tissue septa between the fat lobes, the septa lobules and vessels, or the fat lobules, characterized by the development of single or multiple cutaneous nodules.

ID=1255
EN=papillary
def= pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple.

ID=1256
EN=papillitis
Etimol=(papilla + -itis)
def= - inflammation of the optic papilla (disk).

ID=1257
EN=papilloedema
def= choked disk, edema of the optic disk (papilla), most commonly due to increased intracranial pressure, malignant hypertension, or thrombosis of the central retinal vein : called also choke disk.

ID=1258
EN=papule
Etimol=(L. papula)
def=  a small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin.

ID=1259
EN=paracentesis
Etimol=(para- + Gr. kentsis puncture)
def=  surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity for the aspiration of peritoneal fluid.








ID=1260
EN=paradoxical
def= occurring at variance with the normal rule.

ID=1261
EN=paraesthesia
Etimol=(para- + Gr. aisthsis perception)
def=  morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc.

ID=1262
EN=parallel
def= =1. pertaining to straight lines or planes that do not intersect.
	=2. pertaining to electric circuit components connected 'in parallel' so that the current flow divides, each branch passing through one component, and rejoins; applied by extension to any similar parallel circuit, e.g. the systemic circulation to the various organs.

ID=1263
EN=paralysis
Etimol=(para- + Gr. lyein to loosen)
def=  loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism; also by analogy, impairment of sensory function (sensory paralysis). In addition to the types named below, paralysis is further distinguished as traumatic, syphilitic, toxic, etc., according to its cause; or as obturator, ulnar, etc., according to the nerve part, or muscle specially affected.

ID=1264
EN=parameter
Etimol=(para- + meter)
def=  a variable whose measure is indicative of a quantity or function that cannot itself be precisely determined by direct methods; e.g., blood pressure and pulse rate are parameters of cardiovascular function, and the level of glucose in blood and urine is a parameter of carbohydrate metabolism.

ID=1265
EN=paranoia
Etimol=(Gr. 'madness, delirium, a mind 'beside itself'', from para- + noein to think)
def=  a psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose.

ID=1266
EN=paraplegia
Etimol=(para- + Gr. plg stroke + -ia)
def=  paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body.

ID=1267
EN=parasitic
Etimol=(Gr. parasitikos)
def=  pertaining to, of the nature of, or caused by a parasite.

ID=1268
EN=parasympathomimetic
Etimol=(parasympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative)
def= =1. producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part.
	=2. an agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic.

ID=1269
EN=parathyroid
Etimol=(para- + thyroid)
def= =1. situated beside the thyroid gland.
	=2. one of the parathyroid glands.
	=3. a sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany.

ID=1270
EN=paravenous
def= beside a vein.

ID=1271
EN=parenchyma
Etimol=(Gr. 'anything poured in beside')
def=  the essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma.

ID=1272
EN=parenteral
Etimol=(para- + Gr. enteron intestine)
def=  not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc.

ID=1273
EN=paresis
Etimol=(Gr. 'relaxation')
def=  slight or incomplete paralysis.

ID=1274
EN=parietal
Etimol=(L. parietalis)
def= =1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity.
	=2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe.

ID=1275
EN=parkinsonism
def= a group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity.

ID=1276
EN=paronychia
Etimol=(para Gr. onyx nail + -ia)
def=  inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia.

ID=1277
EN=parotitis
def= inflammation of the parotid gland. Called also parotiditis.

ID=1278
EN=paroxysmal
def= recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures).

ID=1279
EN=particle
Etimol=(L. particula, dim. of pars part)
def=  a tiny mass of material.








ID=1280
EN=parturition
Etimol=(L. parturitio)
def=  the act or process of given birth to a child.

ID=1281
EN=passage
def= =1. an evacuation of the bowels.
	=2. the introduction of a catheter, probe, sound, or bougie through a natural channel such as the urethra.

ID=1282
EN=passive
Etimol=(L. passivus)
def=  neither spontaneous nor active; not produced by active efforts.

ID=1283
EN=pathogen
Etimol=(patho- + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  any disease-producing microorganism.

ID=1284
EN=pathologic
def= =1. indicative of or caused by a morbid condition.
	=2. pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease).

ID=1285
EN=patient
def= =1. a person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital; 2. a person who is registered with a doctor, dentist, etc and is treated by him when necessary.

ID=1286
EN=peak flow
def= the maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount.

ID=1287
EN=pediculosis
Etimol=(pediculus + -osis)
def=  infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus.

ID=1288
EN=pelvic
def= pertaining to the pelvis.

ID=1289
EN=pemphigus
Etimol=(Gr. pemphix blister)
def=  a group of chronic, relapsing, sometimes fatal skin diseases characterized clinically by the development of successive crops of vesicles and bullae, histologically by acantholysis, and immunologically by serum autoantibodies directed against antigens in the intracellular zones of the epidermis. The specific disease is usually indicated by a modifying term; but the term pemphigus is often used alone to designate pemphigus vulgaris.

ID=1290
EN=penetration
Etimol=(L. penetratio)
def=  the act of piercing or entering deeply.

ID=1291
EN=penicillinase
def= penicillin amino-ß-lactamhydrolase : an enzyme produced by certain bacteria which converts penicillin to an inactive product and thus increases resistance to the antibiotic. A purified preparation from cultures of a strain of Bacillus cereus is used in treatment of reactions to penicillin.

ID=1292
EN=penis
def= the male organ of copulation and of urinary excretion, comprising a root, body, and extremity, or glans penis. The root is attached to the descending portions of the pubic bone by the crura, the latter being the extremities of the corpora cavernosa, and beneath them the corpus spongiosum, through which the urethra passes. The glans is covered with mucous membrane and ensheathed by the prepuce, or foreskin. The penis is homologous with the clitoris in the female.

ID=1293
EN=peptic
Etimol=(Gr. peptikos)
def=  pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices.

ID=1294
EN=peptic ulcer
def= an ulcer in the wall of the stomach or duodenum resulting from the digestive action of the gastric juice on the mucous membrane when the latter is rendered susceptible to its action.

ID=1295
EN=perception
Etimol=(L. percipere to take in completely)
def=  the conscious mental registration of a sensory stimulus.

ID=1296
EN=percutaneous
Etimol=(per- + L. cutis)
def=  performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle.

ID=1297
EN=perennial
Etimol=(L. perennis, from per through + annus year)
def=  lasting through the year of for several years.

ID=1298
EN=perforation
Etimol=(L. perforare to pierce through)
def= =1. the act of boring or piercing through a part.
	=2. a hole made through a part or substance.

ID=1299
EN=perfusion
def= =1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a specific organ.
	=2. a liquid poured over or through an organ or tissue.








ID=1300
EN=perianal
Etimol=(peri- + L. anus anus)
def=  located around the anus.

ID=1301
EN=periarthritis
def= inflammation of the tissues around a joint.

ID=1302
EN=pericarditis
Etimol=(pericardium + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the pericardium.

ID=1303
EN=peridural
def= around or external to the dura mater.

ID=1304
EN=perinatal
Etimol=(peri- + L. natus born)
def=  pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth.

ID=1305
EN=perineal
def= pertaining to the perineum.

ID=1306
EN=periodic
Etimol=(Gr. periodikos)
def=  recurring at regular intervals of time.

ID=1307
EN=perioperative
def= pertaining to the period extending from the time of hospitalization for surgery to the time of discharge.

ID=1308
EN=perioral
Etimol=(peri- + L. os mouth)
def=  situated or occurring around the mouth.

ID=1309
EN=periorbital
def= situated around the orbit, or eye socket.

ID=1310
EN=peripheral
def= pertaining to or situated at or near the periphery; situated away from a centre or central structure.

ID=1311
EN=peristalsis
Etimol=(peri- + Gr. stalsis contraction)
def=  the wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs provided with both longitudinal and circular muscle fibres propel their contents. It consists of a wave of contraction passing along the tube for variable distances.

ID=1312
EN=peritonitis
def= inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever.

ID=1313
EN=perivascular
def= situated around a vessel.

ID=1314
EN=permanent
def= continuing or enduring (as the same state, status, place) without fundamental or marked change : not subject to fluctuation or alteration : fixed or intended to be fixed : lasting, stable.

ID=1315
EN=permeability
def= the property or state of being permeable.

ID=1316
EN=pernicious
Etimol=(L. perniciosus)
def=  tending to a fatal issue.

ID=1317
EN=peroral
Etimol=(L. per through + os, oris the mouth)
def=  performed through or administered through the mouth.

ID=1318
EN=persistent
def= continuing to exist in spite of interference or treatment; tending to recur.

ID=1319
EN=perspiration
Etimol=(L. perspirare to breathe through)
def=  sweating; the functional secretion of sweat.








ID=1320
EN=pertussis
Etimol=(L. per intensive + tussis cough)
def=  an acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough.

ID=1321
EN=perversion
Etimol=(L. per through + versio a turning)
def=  a turning aside from the normal course; a morbid alteration of function which may occur in emotional, intellectual, or volitional fields. In psychiatry, sexual deviation.

ID=1322
EN=pessary
Etimol=(L. pessarium)
def= =1. an instrument placed in the vagina to support the uterus or rectum or as a contraceptive device.
	=2. a medicated vaginal suppository.

ID=1323
EN=petechia
def= a pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. Cf. ecchymosis.

ID=1324
EN=petit mal
Etimol=(Fr. 'little illness')
def=  see under epilepsy.

ID=1325
EN=pH
def= the symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases.

ID=1326
EN=phagocytosis
def= endocytosis of particulate material, such as microorganisms or cell fragments. The material is taken into the cell in membrane-bound vesicles (phagosomes) that originate as pinched off invaginations of the plasma membrane. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming phagolysosomes in which the engulfed material is killed and digested.

ID=1327
EN=phallic
Etimol=(Gr. phallikos)
def=  pertaining to the phallus, or penis.

ID=1328
EN=pharmaceutical
def= =1. pertaining to pharmacy or to drugs.
	=2. a medicinal drug.

ID=1329
EN=pharmacodynamics
Etimol=(pharmaco + Gr. dynamis power)
def=  the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs.

ID=1330
EN=pharmacokinetics
def= the action of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion.

ID=1331
EN=pharmacologic
def= pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs.

ID=1332
EN=pharmacon
Etimol=(Gr. pharmakon)
def=  a drug.

ID=1333
EN=pharyngitis
Etimol=(pharyngo- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the pharynx.

ID=1334
EN=phase
Etimol=(Gr. phasis an appearance)
def=  any one of the varying aspects or stages through which a disease or process may pass.

ID=1335
EN=phenomenon
Etimol=(Gr. phainomenon thing seen)
def=  any sign or objective symptom; any observable occurrence or fact.

ID=1336
EN=phlebitis
Etimol=(phleb- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a vein. The condition is marked by infiltration of the coats of the vein and the formation of a thrombus. The disease is attended by edema, stiffness, and pain in the affected part, and in the septic variety by pyemic symptoms.

ID=1337
EN=phlebography
Etimol=(phlebo- + Gr. graphein to write)
def= =1. roentgenography of a vein or veins by use of contrast medium.
	=2. the graphic recording of the venous pulse.

ID=1338
EN=phobia
Etimol=(Gr. phobos fear + -ia)
def=  a persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed.

ID=1339
EN=photophobia
Etimol=(photo- + phobia)
def=  abnormal visual intolerance of light.








ID=1340
EN=photosensitivity
Etimol=(photo- + sensitivity)
def=  an abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280-400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity.

ID=1341
EN=photosensitization
def= the development of abnormally heightened reactivity of the skin to sunlight.

ID=1342
EN=physical
def= pertaining to the body, to material things, or to physics.

ID=1343
EN=physicochemical
def= pertaining to physics and chemistry.

ID=1344
EN=physiologic
def= normal; not pathologic; characteristic of or conforming to the normal functioning or state of the body or a tissue or organ; physiological.

ID=1345
EN=pigmentation
def= =1. the deposition of colouring matter; the coloration or discoloration of a part by pigment.
	=2. coloration, especially abnormally increased coloration, by melanin.

ID=1346
EN=piloerection
Etimol=(pilo- + erection)
def=  erection of the hair.

ID=1347
EN=pityriasis
Etimol=(Gr. pityron bran + -iasis)
def=  a name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier.

ID=1348
EN=placebo
Etimol=(L. 'I will please')
def=  any dummy medical treatment; originally, a medicinal preparation having no specific pharmacological activity against the patient's illness or complaint given solely for the psychophysiological effects of the treatment; more recently, a dummy treatment administered to the control group in a controlled clinical trial in order that the specific and nonspecific effects of the experimental treatment can be distinguished - i.e., the experimental treatment must produce better results than the placebo in order to be considered effective.

ID=1349
EN=placenta
Etimol=(L. 'a flat cake')
def=  an organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy, joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange of soluble, but not particulate, blood-borne substances through an apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts. According to species, the area of vascular apposition may be diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary or discoid; the nature of apposition may be labyrinthine or villous; the intimacy of apposition may vary according to what layers are lost of those originally interposed between maternal and fetal blood (maternal endothelium, uterine connective tissue, uterine epithelium, chorion, extraembryonic mesoderm, and endothelium of villous capillary). The chorion may be joined by and receive blood vessels from either the yolk sac or the allantois, and the uterine lining may be largely shed with the chorion at birth (deciduate) or may separate from the chorion and remain (nondeciduate). The human placenta is discoid, villous, haemochorial, chorioallantoic, and deciduate. After birth, it weighs about 600 gm. and is about 16 cm. in diameter and 2 cm. thick, discounting a principal functional part, the maternal blood in the intervillous space (which leaks out at birth) into which the chorionic villi dip. The villi are grouped into adjoining cotyledons making about 20 velvety bumps on the side of the placenta facing outward to the uterus; the inner side of the placenta facing the fetus is smooth, being covered with amnion, a thin avascular layer that continues past the edges of the placenta to line the entire hollow sphere of chorion except where it is reflected to cover the umbilical cord, which joins fetus and placenta. The cord usually joins the placenta near the centre but may insert at the edge, on the nonplacental chorion, or on an accessory placenta.

ID=1350
EN=plasma expander
def= artificial plasma extender.

ID=1351
EN=plasma protein
def= one of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins.

ID=1352
EN=plasminogen
def= the inactive precursor of plasmin (=enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of peptide bonds at the carbonyl end of lysine or arginine residues).

ID=1353
EN=pleurisy
Etimol=(Gr. pleuritis)
def=  inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side.

ID=1354
EN=plexus
Etimol=(L. 'braid)
def=  a network or tangle; (NA) a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins.

ID=1355
EN=pneumonia
Etimol=(Gr. pneumonia)
def=  inflammation of the lungs with consolidation.

ID=1356
EN=pneumonopath
Etimol=(pneumono- + Gr. pathos disease)
def=  any disease of the lung.

ID=1357
EN=poliomyelitis
Etimol=(polio- + Gr. myelos marrow + -itis)
def=  an acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines.

ID=1358
EN=polyarthritis
Etimol=(poly- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis)
def=  an inflammation of several joints together.

ID=1359
EN=polydipsia
Etimol=(poly- + Gr. dipsa thirst + -ia)
def=  chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.








ID=1360
EN=polymorphic
Etimol=(poly- + Gr. morph form)
def=  occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development.

ID=1361
EN=polyneuritis
Etimol=(poly- + Gr. neuron nerve + -itis)
def=  inflammation of many nerves at once; multiple or disseminated, neuritis.

ID=1362
EN=polypeptide
Etimol=(poly- + peptide)
def=  a peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained.

ID=1363
EN=polytherapy
def= a therapy which uses more than one drug.

ID=1364
EN=polyuria
Etimol=(poly- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia)
def=  the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes.

ID=1365
EN=polyvalent
def= having more than one valence.

ID=1366
EN=population
Etimol=(L. populatio, from populus people)
def= =1. in genetics, a stable group of randomly interbreeding individuals.
	=2. in statistics, the set of objects or individuals from which a random sample is drawn.

ID=1367
EN=porphyria
def= a pathological state in man and some lower animals that is often due to genetic factors, is characterized by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism, and results in the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme sensitivity to light.

ID=1368
EN=positive
Etimol=(L. positivus)
def=  having a value greater than zero; indicating existence or presence of a condition, organism, etc. as chromatin positive or Wassermann positive; characterized by affirmation or cooperation.

ID=1369
EN=posterior
Etimol=(L. 'behind'; neut. posterius)
def=  situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body.

ID=1370
EN=postmenopausal
def= occurring after the menopause.

ID=1371
EN=postnatal
def= occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. Cf. postpartum.

ID=1372
EN=postoperative
def= occurring after a surgical operation.

ID=1373
EN=post partum
def= after childbirth, or after delivery.

ID=1374
EN=postprandial
def= occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal.

ID=1375
EN=post-traumatic
def= occurring as a result of or after injury.

ID=1376
EN=postural
def= pertaining to posture or position.

ID=1377
EN=potency
Etimol=(L. potentia power)
def=  power, especially (1) the ability of the male to perform sexual intercourse, (2) the power of a medicinal agent to produce the desired effects (3) the ability of an embryonic part to develop and complete its destiny.

ID=1378
EN=potential
Etimol=(L. potential power)
def=  existing and ready for action but not yet active.








ID=1380/1379
EN=potentialization, potentiation
def= the synergistic action of two drugs, being greater than the sum of the effects of each used alone.

ID=1381
EN=precipitation
Etimol=(L. praecipitatio)
def=  the act or process of precipitating.

ID=1382
EN=preclinical
def= before a disease becomes clinically recognizable.

ID=1383
EN=precordial
def= pertaining to the precordium (= region over the heart and lower part of the thorax).

ID=1384
EN=precursor
Etimol=(L. praecursor a forerunner)
def=  something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another.

ID=1385
EN=predisposition
Etimol=(pre- + L. disponere to dispose)
def=  a latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress.

ID=1386
EN=preeclampsia
def= a toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia.

ID=1387
EN=preliminary
def= lying before : leading to : being at the threshold of.

ID=1388
EN=preload
def= the tension in the heart muscle at the end of diastole (before the contraction).

ID=1389
EN=premature
Etimol=(L. praematurus early ripe)
def= =1. occurring before the proper time.
	=2. a premature infant.

ID=1390
EN=premedication
def= preliminary medication, particularly internal medication to produce narcosis prior to inhalation anaesthesia.

ID=1391
EN=premenstrual
def= occurring before menstruation.

ID=1392
EN=prenatal
Etimol=(pre- + L. natalis natal)
def=  existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus.

ID=1393
EN=preoperative
def= preceding an operation.

ID=1394
EN=preparation
Etimol=(L. praeparatio)
def= =1. a medicine made ready for use.
	=2. an anatomic or pathologic specimen made ready and preserved for study.

ID=1395
EN=prepuce
def= a covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis.

ID=1396
EN=prescription
Etimol=(L. praescriptio)
def=  a written direction for the preparation and administration of a remedy. A prescription consists of the heading or superscription - that is, the symbol R or the word Recipe, meaning 'take'; the inscription, which contains the names and quantities of the ingredients; the subscription, or directions for compounding; and the signature, usually introduced by the sign S. for signa, 'mark', which gives the directions for the patient which are to be marked on the receptacle.

ID=1397
EN=presentation
Etimol=(L. praesentatio)
def=  in obstetrics; (a) the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to that of the mother (called also lie); (b) the presenting part, i.e., that portion of the fetus which is touched by the examining finger through the cervix, or during labour, is bounded by the girdle of resistance.

ID=1398
EN=presynaptic
def= situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed.

ID=1399
EN=prevention
def= a going before : state of being before : precedence; anticipation, forestalment, preventive, precaution.








ID=1400
EN=priapism
Etimol=(L. priapismus; Gr. priapismos)
def=  persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis.

ID=1401
EN=primary
Etimol=(L. primarius)
def=  principal; primus first) first in order or in time of development; principal.

ID=1402
EN=primary vaccination
def= first or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity).

ID=1403
EN=procedure
Etimol=(L. procedere, from pro forward + cedere move)
def=  a series of steps by which a desired result is accomplished.

ID=1404
EN=procreation
Etimol=(L. procreatio)
def=  the entire process of bringing a new individual into the world.

ID=1405
EN=proctitis
Etimol=(proct- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the rectum.

ID=1406
EN=production
def= the act or process of producing, bringing forth, or making.

ID=1407
EN=productive
def= producing or forming; said especially of an inflammation that produces new tissue or of a cough that brings forth sputum or mucus.

ID=1408
EN=progestogen
def= a term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity.

ID=1409
EN=prognosis
Etimol=(Gr. prognosis foreknowledge)
def=  a forecast as to the probable outcome of an attack of disease; the prospect as to recovery from a disease as indicated by the nature and symptoms of the case.

ID=1410
EN=progressive
def= advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity.

ID=1411
EN=prolapse
Etimol=(L. prolapsus; pro before + labi to fall)
def= =1. the falling down, or sinking, of a part or viscus; procidentia.
	=2. to undergo such displacement.

ID=1412
EN=proliferation
Etimol=(L. proles offspring + ferre to bear)
def=  the reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially of cells and morbid cysts.

ID=1413
EN=prophylaxis
Etimol=(Gr. prophylassein to keep guard before)
def=  the prevention of disease; preventive treatment.

ID=1414
EN=proportional
def= being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions.

ID=1415
EN=proptosis
def= forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos.

ID=1416
EN=propulsive
def= tending or having power to propel; driving onward or forward; impelling to action or motion.

ID=1417
EN=prostaglandin
Etimol=(prostate gland + -in because they were originally discovered in semen)
def=  any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP.

ID=1418
EN=prostatism
def= a symptom complex resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; symptoms include diminution in the calibre and force of the urinary stream, hesitancy in initiating voiding, inability to terminate micturition abruptly (with postvoiding dribbling), a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, and, occasionally, urinary retention.

ID=1419
EN=prostatitis
def= inflammation of the prostate.








ID=1420
EN=prosthesis
Etimol=(Gr. 'a putting to')
def=  an artificial substitute for a missing body part, such as an arm or leg, eye or tooth, used for functional or cosmetic reasons, or both.

ID=1421
EN=protease
def= proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein).

ID=1422
EN=protective
Etimol=(L. protegere to cover over)
def=  an agent that affords defense against a deleterious influence, such as a substance applied to the skin (skin p.) to avoid the effects of the sun's rays (solar p.) or other noxious influences; called also screen.

ID=1423
EN=protein
Etimol=(Gr. protos first)
def=  any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulphur, the characteristic element being nitrogen, and which are widely distributed in plants and animals. Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high molecular weight and consist essentially of combinations of a-amino acids in peptide linkages. Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, and each protein has a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence which determines its specific shape and function. They serve as enzymes, structural elements, hormones, immunoglobulins, etc., and are involved in oxygen transport, muscle contraction, electron transport, and other activities throughout the body, and in photosynthesis.

ID=1424
EN=proteolytic
def= =1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis.
	=2. an enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides).

ID=1425
EN=prothrombin
Etimol=(pro + Gr. thrombos cloth -in chemical suffix)
def=  Factor II.

ID=1426
EN=protozoan
def= =1. any individual of the protozoa; protozoon.
	=2. of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal.

ID=1427
EN=protrusion
Etimol=(L. protrudere to push forward)
def=  the state of being trust forward or laterally, as in masticatory movements of the mandible.

ID=1428
EN=proximal
Etimol=(L. proximus next)
def=  nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal.

ID=1429
EN=pruritic
def= pertaining to or characterized by pruritus.

ID=1430
EN=pruritus
Etimol=(L. from prurire to itch)
def= =1. itching; an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes the desire to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
	=2. any of various conditions marked by itching, the specific site or type being indicated by a modifying term.

ID=1431
EN=pseudomenbranous
def= marked by or pertaining to a pseudomembrane.

ID=1432
EN=pseudotumour
def= an enlargement that resembles a tumour.

ID=1433
EN=psoriasis
Etimol=(Gr. psoriasis)
def=  a common chronic, squamous dermatosis, marked by exacerbations and remissions and having a polygenic inheritance pattern. The most distinctive histological findings in well-developed psoriasis are Munro microabscesses and spongiform pustules. It is characterized clinically by the presence of rounded, circumscribed, erythematous, dry scaling patches of various sizes, covered by greyish white or silvery white, umbilicated, and lamellar scales, which have a predilection for the extensor surfaces, nails, scalp, genitalia, and lumbosacral region. Central clearing and coalescence of the lesions produce a wide variety of clinical configurations, including annular or circinate, discoid or nummular, figurate, and gyrate arrangements. Called also p. vulgaris

ID=1434
EN=psychiatric
def= pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry.

ID=1435
EN=psychic
def= pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental.

ID=1436
EN=psychogenic
def= produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors.

ID=1437
EN=psycholeptic
def= of or relating to psycholepsy; that is an attack of hopelessness and mental inertia especially following elation and occurring typically in psychasthenic (= characterologically weak) patients.

ID=1438
EN=psychologic, psychological
def= pertaining to psychology.

ID=1439
EN=psychomotor
def= pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity.








ID=1440
EN=psychosis
Etimol=(psych- + -osis)
def=  a mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic.

ID=1441
EN=psychosomatic
Etimol=(psycho- + Gr. soma body)
def=  pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic.

ID=1442
EN=psychotropic
Etimol=(psycho- + Gr. trop a turning)
def=  exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state.

ID=1443
EN=ptosis
Etimol=(Gr. ptosis fall)
def= =1. prolapse of an organ or part.
	=2. drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation.

ID=1444
EN=puberty
Etimol=(L. pubertas)
def=  the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained.

ID=1445
EN=puerperium
def= the period or state of confinement after labour.

ID=1446
EN=pulmonary
Etimol=(L. pulmonarius)
def=  pertaining to the lungs.

ID=1447
EN=pulsation
Etimol=(L. pulsatio)
def=  a throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart.

ID=1448
EN=puncture
Etimol=(L. punctura)
def= =1. the act of piercing or penetrating with a pointed object or instrument.
	=2. a wound so made.

ID=1449
EN=pupillary dilation
def= the action of stretching or enlarging the pupil e.g. by atropine.

ID=1450
EN=purgative
Etimol=(L. purgativus)
def= =1. cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels.
	=2. a cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action.

ID=1451
EN=purpura
def= =1. a small haemorrhage (up to about 1 cm in diameter) in the skin, mucous membrane, or serosal surface, which may be caused by various factors, including blood disorders, vascular abnormalities, and trauma. Purpuric lesions may be associated with inflammation, in which case they present as papular purpura, or the haemorrhage may not be accompanied by inflammation, in which case they are macular. The term also comprises a group of haemorrhagic diseases characterized by the presence of purpuric lesions , ecchymoses, and a tendency to bruise easily, which may be caused by decreased platelet counts, the presence of abnormal platelets, vascular defects, or reactions to certain drugs.

ID=1452
EN=purulent
Etimol=(L. purulentus)
def=  consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus.

ID=1453
EN=pustular
def= pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis).

ID=1454
EN=pyelitis
Etimol=(pyel- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It is attended by pain and tenderness in the loins, irritability of the bladder, remittent fever, bloody or purulent urine, diarrhoea, vomiting, and a peculiar pain on flexion of the thigh.

ID=1455
EN=pyelonephritis
Etimol=(pyelo- + Gr. nephros kidney + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection.

ID=1456
EN=pylorus
Etimol=(Gr. pyloros gatekeeper)
def=  the opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine.

ID=1457
EN=pyoderma
Etimol=(pyo- + Gr. derma skin)
def=  any purulent skin disease. Called also pyodermia.

ID=1458
EN=pyogenic
def= producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris).

ID=1459
EN=pyrexia
Etimol=(Gr. pyressein to be feverish)
def=  a fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature.








ID=1460
EN=pyrogenic
Etimol=(pyro- + Gr. gennan to produce)
def=  inducing fever.

ID=1461
EN=pyrosis
Etimol=(Gr. pyrosis burning)
def=  heartburn.

ID=1462
EN=QRS complex
def= usually cap Q & R & S : the deflections in an electrocardiographic tracing and represent ventricular activity of the hearth.

ID=1463
EN=interval
Etimol=(inter- + L. vallum rampart)
def=  the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of time between two recurrences or paroxysms.

ID=1464
EN=qualitative, qualitive
Etimol=(L. qualitativus)
def=  pertaining to quality.

ID=1465
EN=quantitative
Etimol=(L. quantitativus)
def=  denoting or expressible as quantity; relating to the proportionate quantities or to the amount of the constituents of a compound.

ID=1466
EN=quaternary
Etimol=(L. quaternarius, from quattuor four)
def= =1. fourth in order.
	=2. containing four elements or groups.

ID=1467
EN=quiescent
Etimol=(L. quiescent pres. part. of quiescere, to be silent)
def=  marked by a state of inactivity or repose.

ID=1468
EN=radioactivity
def= the quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements.

ID=1469
EN=radiography
Etimol=(radio- + Gr. graphein to write)
def=  the making of film records (radiographs) of internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays or gamma rays through the body to act on specially sensitized film.

ID=1470
EN=radiologic, radiological
def= pertaining to radiology.

ID=1471
EN=radiotherapy
Etimol=(radio- + Gr. therapeia cure)
def=  the treatment of disease by ionizing radiation.

ID=1472
EN=raucousness
Etimol=(L. raucus hoarse)
def=  the quality or state of being raucous.

ID=1473
EN=Raynaud's phenomenon
Etimol=(Maurice Raynaud, French physician, 1834-1881)
def=  intermittent bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes and sometimes of the ears or nose, marked by severe pallor, and often accompanied by paraesthesia and pain; it is brought on characteristically by cold or emotional stimuli and relieved by heat, and is due to an underlying disease or anatomical abnormality. When the condition is idiopathic or primary it is termed Raynaud's disease.

ID=1474
EN=reabsorption
def= =1. the act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood.
	=2. resorption.

ID=1475
EN=reaction
Etimol=(re- + L. agere to act)
def= =1. the phenomena caused by the action of chemical agents; a chemical process in which one substance is transformed into another substance or substances.
	=2. in psychology, the mental and/or emotional state elicited in response to any particular situation.

ID=1476
EN=reactivation
def= the restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated.

ID=1477
EN=reactivity
def= the process or property of reacting.

ID=1478
EN=reagent
Etimol=(re- + L. agere to act)
def=  a substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances.

ID=1479
EN=rebound effect
def= the characteristic of a drug to produce reverse effects when either the effect of the drug has passed, or when the patient no longer responds to the drug.








ID=1480
EN=receptor
def= =1. a molecular structure within a cell or on the surface characterized by (1) selective binding of a specific substance and (2) a specific physiologic effect that accompanies the binding, e.g., cell-surface receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, antigens, complement fragments, and immunoglobulins and cytoplasmic receptors for steroid hormones.
	=2. a sensory nerve terminal that responds to stimuli of various kinds.

ID=1481
EN=recidivist
Etimol=(Fr. récidiviste from L. recidere to fall back)
def=  one who tends to relapse.

ID=1482
EN=recipient
def= one who receives, as blood in transfusion, or a tissue or organ graft.

ID=1483
EN=recombinant
def= =1. a cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes.

ID=1484
EN=reconstitution
def= =1. a type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface.
	=2. the restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored.

ID=1485
EN=reconvalescence
def= renewed convalescence; complete convalescence.

ID=1486
EN=rectal
def= pertaining to the rectum (= distal portion of the large intestine).

ID=1487
EN=recuperation
Etimol=(L. recuperatio)
def=  the recovery of health and strength.

ID=1488
EN=recurrent
Etimol=(L. recurrens returning)
def=  returning after intermissions.

ID=1489
EN=reduction
Etimol=(L. reductio)
def=  the correction of a fracture, dislocation, or hernia.

ID=1490
EN=reference
def= the act of referring or consulting; something that refers to something else.

ID=1491
EN=reflective
def= capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting.

ID=1492
EN=reflex
Etimol=(L. reflexus)
def=  1; reflected.
	=2. a reflected action or movement; the sum total of any particular involuntary activity.

ID=1493
EN=reflux
Etimol=(re- + L. fluxus flow)
def=  a backward or return flow.

ID=1494
EN=refractory
Etimol=(L. refractorius)
def=  not readily yielding to treatment.

ID=1495
EN=regeneration
Etimol=(re- + L. generare to produce, bring to life)
def=  the natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part.

ID=1496
EN=region
def= a plane area with more or less definite boundaries.

ID=1497
EN=regional
def= pertaining to, limited to, or affecting a certain region or regions.

ID=1498
EN=regression
Etimol=(L. regressio a return)
def= =1. a return to a former or earlier state.
	=2. a subsidence of symptoms or of a disease process.
	=3. a return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behaviour, a characteristic of many mental disorders also exhibited by normal persons in many situations, e.g. feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness.

ID=1499
EN=regulation
Etimol=(L. regula rule)
def= =1. in biology, the adaption of form or behaviour of an organism to changed conditions.
	=2. the power of a pregastrula stage to form a whole embryo from a part.








ID=1500
EN=regurgitation
Etimol=(re- + L. gurgitare to flood)
def=  a backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent.

ID=1501
EN=rehydration
def= the restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated.

ID=1502
EN=reinfection
def= a second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent.

ID=1503
EN=relaxant
Etimol=(L. relaxare to loosen)
def= =1. lessening or reducing tension.
	=2. an agent that lessens tension.

ID=1504
EN=relevant
Etimol=(L. relevare to raise up, lift up)
def=  bearing upon or properly applying to the matter at hand; affording evidence tending to prove or disprove the matters at issue or under discussion.

ID=1505
EN=remission
Etimol=(L. remissio)
def=  a diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease; also the period during which such diminution occurs.

ID=1506
EN=renal
def= pertaining to the kidney; nephric.

ID=1507
EN=renin
def= an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyses cleavage of the leucine-leucine bond in angiotensin to generate angiotensin.
	=1. The enzyme is synthesized as inactive prorenin in the kidney and released into the blood in the active form in response to various metabolic stimuli. Not to be confused with rennin (chymosin).

ID=1508
EN=renovascular
def= of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys.

ID=1509
EN=repetitive
def= containing repetition; repetitions.

ID=1510
EN=replication
Etimol=(L. replicatio a fold backwards)
def= =1. a turning back of a part so as to form a duplication.
	=2. the process of duplicating or reproducing, as the replication of an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand of DNA or RNA.

ID=1511
EN=reproduction
Etimol=(L. re- again + productio production)
def=  the production of offspring by organized bodies.

ID=1512
EN=research
def= careful a diligent search; a close searching; studious inquiry or examination.

ID=1513
EN=resection
def= excision of a portion or all of an organ or other structure.

ID=1514
EN=reservoir
Etimol=(Fr. réservoir from réserver to reserve)
def= =1. a place or cavity for storage; for anatomical structures serving as a storage space for fluids.
	=2. reservoir host or reservoir of infection; an alternate or passive host or carrier that harbours pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected.

ID=1515
EN=residual
Etimol=(L. residuus)
def=  remaining or left behind.

ID=1516
EN=resistant
def= making or having powers of resistance; resisting.

ID=1517
EN=resorption
Etimol=(L. resorbere to swallow again)
def=  the loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla.

ID=1518
EN=respiratory
Etimol=(re- + L. spirare to breathe)
def=  pertaining to respiration.

ID=1519
EN=respond
def= to say something in return; make an answer; to show some reaction to a force or stimulus; to render satisfaction.








ID=1520
EN=response
Etimol=(L. respondere to answer, reply)
def=  an action or movement due to the application of a stimulus.

ID=1521
EN=restless legs
def= legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest.

ID=1522
EN=resuscitation
Etimol=(L. resuscitare to revive)
def=  the restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage.

ID=1523
EN=retard
def= characterized by retarded action, said of a drug when it is supposed to exercise its maximum effect later in the cycle.

ID=1524
EN=retardation
Etimol=(L. retardare to slow down, impede)
def=  delay; hindrance; delayed development.

ID=1525
EN=retention
Etimol=(L. retentio, from retentare to hold firmly back)
def= =1. the persistent keeping within the body of matters normally excreted.
	=2. in cavity preparation, the prevention of displacement of a restoration.
	=3. in orthodontic therapy, the period during which the patient is wearing an appliance(s) to maintain and stabilize the teeth in the position into which they were moved.

ID=1526
EN=retinal
def= =1. pertaining to the retina.
	=2. the aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1.

ID=1527
EN=retinopathy
Etimol=(retina + -pathy)
def= =1. retinitis (= inflammation of the retina).
	=2. retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina).

ID=1528
EN=retraction
Etimol=(L. retrahere to draw back)
def= =1. the act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back.
	=2. distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance.

ID=1529
EN=retrobulbar
Etimol=(retro- + L. bulbus bulb)
def=  behind the pons.

ID=1530
EN=retrograde
Etimol=(retro- + L. gradi to step)
def= =1. moving backward or against the usual direction of flow.
	=2. degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic.

ID=1531
EN=retrosternal
Etimol=(retro- + sternum)
def=  situated or occurring behind the sternum.

ID=1532
EN=revaluation
def= a revised or new evaluation or estimate : reappraisal; the act or process of revaluating.

ID=1533
EN=reversible
def= capable of going through a series of changes in either direction, forward or backward, as a reversible chemical reaction.

ID=1534
EN=revulsive
Etimol=(L. re- back + vellere to draw)
def= =1. effecting revulsion.
	=2. an agent causing revulsion; a counterirritant.

ID=1535
EN=rhagades
Etimol=(pl. of Gr. rhagas rent)
def=  fissures, cracks, or fine linear scars in the skin, especially such lesions around the mouth or other regions subjected to frequent movement.

ID=1536
EN=rheumatoid
Etimol=(Gr. rheuma flux + eidos form)
def=  resembling rheumatism.

ID=1537
EN=rhinitis
Etimol=(rhin- + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.

ID=1538
EN=rhinopharyngitis
def= inflammation of the nasopharynx.

ID=1539
EN=rhinorrhea
Etimol=(rhino- + Gr. rhoia flow)
def=  the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus.








ID=1540
EN=rhonchus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. rhonchos a snoring sound)
def=  a rattling in the throat; also a dry, coarse rale in the bronchial tubes, due to a partial obstruction.

ID=1541
EN=rickets
Etimol=(thought to be a corruption of Gr. rhachitis a spinal complaint)
def=  a condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly.

ID=1542
EN=rigidity
Etimol=(L. rigiditas; rigidus stiff)
def=  stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor.

ID=1543
EN=risk factor
def= a clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that has been associated with the increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease

ID=1544
EN=risk patient
def= patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is.

ID=1545
EN=routinely
def= usual, habitual, regular

ID=1546
EN=rubella
Etimol=(L., from rubellus reddish, from ruber red)
def=  an acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish.

ID=1547
EN=rupture
def= =1. forcible tearing or disruption of tissue.
	=2. a hernia.

ID=1548
EN=salicylism
def= a group of commonly occurring toxic effects of excessive dosage with salicylic acid or its salts, usually marked by tinnitus, nausea, and vomiting.

ID=1549
EN=saline
Etimol=(L. salinus; sal salt)
def=  salty; of the nature of a salt; containing a salt or salts.

ID=1550
EN=salivation
Etimol=(L. salivatio)
def= =1. the secretion of saliva.
	=2. ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva).

ID=1551
EN=salpingitis
Etimol=(salpingo- + itis inflammation)
def= =1. inflammation of the uterine tube.
	=2. inflammation of the auditory tube.

ID=1552
EN=saluric
Etimol=(MISPRINT! replace by: saluretic.)
def=  No:1552 - saluretic pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting saluresis (= the excretion of sodium and chloride ions in the urine).

ID=1553
EN=saprophyte
Etimol=(sapro- + Gr. phyton plant)
def=  a saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism.

ID=1554
EN=sarcoma
Etimol=(sarco- + -oma)
def=  a tumour made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue; tissue composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas are often highly malignant.

ID=1555
EN=scabies
Etimol=(L., from scabere scratch)
def=  a contagious dermatitis of humans and various wild and domestic animals caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, transmitted by close contact, and characterized by a papular eruption over tiny, raised sinuous burrows (cuniculi) produced by digging into the upper layer of the epidermis by the egg-laying female mite, which is accompanied by intense pruritus and sometimes associated with eczema from scratching and secondary bacterial infection. Called also the itch and seven-year itch.

ID=1556
EN=scarlatina
Etimol=(L. 'scarlet')
def=  scarlet fever.

ID=1557
EN=schizophrenia
Etimol=(schizo + Gr. phrn mind + -ia)
def=  (DSM III-R) a mental disorder or heterogeneous group of disorders (the schizophrenias or schizophrenic disorders) comprising most major psychotic disorders and characterized by disturbances in form and content of thought (loosening of associations, delusions, and hallucinations) mood (blunted, flattened, or inappropriate affect), sense of self and relationship to the external world (loss of ego boundaries, dereistic thinking, and autistic withdrawal), and behaviour (bizarre, apparently purposeless, and stereotyped activity or inactivity). The definition and clinical application of the concept of the concept of schizophrenia have varied greatly. The DSM III-R criteria emphasize marked disorder of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behaviour), deterioration from a previous level of functioning, and chronicity (duration of more than 6 months), thus excluding from this classification conditions referred to by others as acute, borderline, simple, or latent schizophrenia. Originally called dementia praecox and characterized as a psychosis with adolescent onset and a chronic course ending in deterioration. The term schizophrenia was introduced by Bleuler because neither early onset nor terminal deterioration is an essential feature; he emphasized the splitting and lack of personality integration seen in the disorder.

ID=1558
EN=sciatica
def= a syndrome characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and into the lower extremity along its posterior or lateral aspect, and most commonly caused by prolapse of the intervertebral disk; the term is also used to refer to pain anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve.

ID=1559
EN=sclera
Etimol=(L.; Gr. skleros hard)
def=  (NA) the tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five-sixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve.








ID=1560
EN=sclerosis
Etimol=(Gr. sklrosis hardness)
def=  a induration, or hardening; especially hardening of a part from inflammation and in diseases of the interstitial substance. The term is used chiefly for such a hardening of the nervous system due to hyperplasia of the connective tissue or to designate hardening of the blood vessels.

ID=1561
EN=scotoma
Etimol=(Gr. skotoma)
def= =1. an area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normal vision.
	=2. mental s.

ID=1562
EN=seborrhoea
Etimol=(L. sebum suet + Gr. rhoia flow)
def= =1. excessive secretion of sebum; called also hypersteatosis 2. seborrhoeic dermatitis.

ID=1563
EN=secondary
Etimol=(L. secundarius; secundus second)
def=  second or inferior in order of time, place, or importance; derived from or consequent to a primary event or thing.

ID=1564
EN=secretion
Etimol=(L. secretio, from secernere to secrete)
def= =1. the process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance.
	=2. any substance produced by secretion.

ID=1565
EN=sedative
Etimol=(L. sedativus)
def= =1. allaying activity and excitement.
	=2. an agent that allays excitement.

ID=1566
EN=sedentary
Etimol=(L. sedentarius)
def= =1. sitting habitually; of inactive habits.
	=2. pertaining to a sitting posture.

ID=1567
EN=sediment
Etimol=(L. sedimentum)
def=  a precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously.

ID=1568
EN=sedimentation
def= the act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine.

ID=1569
EN=segment
Etimol=(L. segmentum a piece cut off)
def=  a portion of a larger body or structure, set off by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries.

ID=1570
EN=selectivity
def= in pharmacology, the degree to which a dose of a drug produces the desired effect in relation to adverse effects.

ID=1571
EN=semisynthetic
def= produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances.

ID=1572
EN=senility
def= old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age.

ID=1573
EN=sensitization
def= =1. administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization.
	=2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity.
	=3. the coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test.

ID=1574
EN=sensory
Etimol=(L. sensorius)
def=  pertaining to or subserving sensation.

ID=1575
EN=septic
Etimol=(septic + Gr. sptikos)
def=  produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive.

ID=1576
EN=septicemia
Etimol=(septic + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def=  systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning.

ID=1577
EN=septum
def= a dividing wall or partition; (NA) a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum.

ID=1578
EN=sequela
def= any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease.

ID=1579
EN=sequestrum
def= a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from the sound bone.








ID=1580
EN=seroconversion
def= the change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization.

ID=1581
EN=serologic, serological
def= pertaining to serology.

ID=1582
EN=serum
Etimol=(L. 'whey')
def=  the clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous membranes.
	=2. blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting.
	=3. immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive immunization; an antiserum; antitoxin, or antivenin.

ID=1583
EN=shock
def= =1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium.
	=2. a condition of profound haemodynamic and metabolic disturbance characterized by failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs; it may result from inadequate blood volume (hypovolaemic shock); inadequate cardiac function (cardiogenic shock), or inadequate vasomotor tone (neurogenic shock, septic shock).

ID=1584
EN=shunt
def= =1. to turn to one side; to divert; to bypass.
	=2. a passage or anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels. Such structures may be formed physiologically (e.g. to bypass a thrombosis) or they may be structural anomalies.
	=3. a surgically created anastomosis; also, the operation of forming a shunt.

ID=1585
EN=side effect
def= a consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration.

ID=1586
EN=sigmoid
Etimol=(Gr. sigmoeids, from the letter sigma + eidos form)
def= =1. shaped like the letter S or the letter C.
	=2. the sigmoid colon.

ID=1587
EN=significant
def= in statistics, probably resulting from something other than chance.

ID=1588
EN=simultaneous
def= existing or occurring at the same time : coincident, concurrent.

ID=1589
EN=singultus
def= hiccup.

ID=1590
EN=sinusal
def= pertaining to the sinus.

ID=1591
EN=sinusitis
def= inflammation of a sinus. The condition may be purulent or nonpurulent, acute or chronic. Depending on the site of involvement it is known as ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis.

ID=1592
EN=skeletal
def= pertaining to the skeleton.

ID=1593
EN=solution
Etimol=(L. solutio)
def= =1. a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). The solute may be gas, liquid, or solid; the solvent is usually liquid, but may be solid, as in a solid solution of copper in silver (sterling silver). In pharmacology, a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water and not, for various reasons, falling into another category.
	=2. the process of dissolving.
	=3. a loosening or separation.

ID=1594
EN=solvent
Etimol=(L. solvens)
def= =1. dissolving; effecting a solution.
	=2. a liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.

ID=1595
EN=somatic
Etimol=(Gr. somatikos)
def= =1. pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body.
	=2. pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera.

ID=1596
EN=somatotrophin
def= growth hormone; somatotropin.

ID=1597
EN=somnambulism
Etimol=(L. somnus sleep + ambulare to walk)
def=  sleepwalking; rising out of bed and walking about during an apparent state of sleep, usually occurring in the first third of the night and lasting a few minutes to a half hour.

ID=1598
EN=somnolence
Etimol=(L. somnolentia sleepiness)
def=  sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness.

ID=1599
EN=soporific
Etimol=(L. soporificus)
def= =1. causing or inducing profound sleep.
	=2. a drug or other agent which induces sleep.








ID=1600
EN=soufffle
Etimol=(Fr. 'a puff'; L. sufflare to blow)
def=  a soft, blowing, auscultatory sound; called also bruid de soufflet and bellows murmur.

ID=1601
EN=spasm
Etimol=(L. spasmus; Gr. spasmos)
def= =1. a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles, attended by pain and interference with function, producing involuntary movement and distortion.
	=2. a sudden but transitory constriction of a passage, canal or orifice.

ID=1602
EN=spasmodic
Etimol=(Gr. spasmods)
def=  of the nature of a spasm.

ID=1603
EN=spasmolytic
def= checking spasms; antispasmodic.

ID=1604
EN=spastic
Etimol=(Gr. spastikos)
def= =1. of the nature of or characterized by spasms.
	=2. hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward.
	=3. a person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy.

ID=1605
EN=spasticity
def= a state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes.

ID=1606
EN=species
def= a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun.

ID=1607
EN=specific
Etimol=(L. specificus)
def= =1. pertaining to a species.
	=2. produces by a single kind of microorganism.
	=3. a remedy specially indicated for any particular disease.
	=4. in immunology, pertaining to the special affinity of antigen for the corresponding antibody.

ID=1608
EN=spectrum
Etimol=(L. 'image')
def=  a charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease.

ID=1609
EN=spermatogenesis
Etimol=(spermato- + Gr. genesis production)
def=  the process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

ID=1610
EN=spermicide
def= an agent that is destructive to spermatozoa.

ID=1611
EN=sphincter
Etimol=(L.; Gr. sphinktr that which binds tight)
def=  a ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter (NA).

ID=1612
EN=spinal
Etimol=(L. spinalis)
def=  pertaining to a spine or to the vertebral column.

ID=1613
EN=splenomegaly
Etimol=(spleno- + Gr. megas large)
def=  enlargement of the spleen.

ID=1614
EN=spondylitis
def= inflammation of the vertebrae.

ID=1615
EN=sporadic
Etimol=(Gr. sporadikos scattered; L. sporadicus)
def=  neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner.

ID=1616
EN=spotting
def= a slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives.

ID=1617
EN=spray
def= a liquid minutely divided or nebulized as by a jet of air of steam.

ID=1618
EN=sputum
def= matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth.

ID=1619
EN=squamous
Etimol=(L. squamosus scaly)
def=  scaly, or platelike.








ID=1620
EN=stability
def= the quality of maintaining a constant character in the presence of forces which threaten to disturb it; resistance to change.

ID=1621
EN=stabilization
def= the creation of a stable state.

ID=1622
EN=standard dosing
def= an established model of administering medication.

ID=1623
EN=standardize
def= to compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards.

ID=1624
EN=stasis
Etimol=(Gr. 'a standing still')
def=  a word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication.

ID=1625
EN=statistic
Etimol=(back formation from statistics)
def=  any function computed from the values of a random sample, such as the sample mean or median, when considered as a random variable with a known probability distribution.

ID=1626
EN=status
def= state or condition.

ID=1627
EN=steady state
Etimol=(L. status state : the crisis, or the turning point of an attack of disease)
def=  dynamic equilibrium.

ID=1628
EN=steatorrhoea
Etimol=(steato- + Gr. rhoia a flow)
def=  excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in malabsorption syndromes.

ID=1629
EN=steatosis
def= fatty degeneration.

ID=1630
EN=stenosis
Etimol=(Gr. stenosis)
def=  narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal.

ID=1631
EN=sterility
Etimol=(L. sterilitas)
def= =1. the inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.).
	=2. the state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms.

ID=1632
EN=sterilization
def= =1. the complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms, accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration).
	=2. any procedure by which an individual is made incapable of reproduction, as by castration, vasectomy, or salpingectomy.

ID=1633
EN=steroid
def= a group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons.

ID=1634
EN=stimulant
Etimol=(L. stimulans)
def= =1. producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue.
	=2. an agent or remedy that produces stimulation.

ID=1635
EN=stomatitis
def= inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae.

ID=1636
EN=stomatological
def= pertaining to stomatology.

ID=1637
EN=strabismus
Etimol=(Gr. strabismos a squinting)
def=  deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint.

ID=1638
EN=stress
def= =1. forcibly exerted influence; pressure. In dentistry, the pressure of the upper teeth against the lower in mastication.
	=2. the sum of the biological reactions to any adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external, that tends to disturb the organism's homeostasis; should these compensating reactions be inadequate or inappropriate, they may lead to disorders. The term is also used to refer to the stimuli that elicit the reactions.

ID=1639
EN=stria
Etimol=(L. 'a furrow, groove')
def= =1. a streak, or line.
	=2. a narrow bandlike structure; (NA) a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain.








ID=1640
EN=structural
def= pertaining to or affecting the structure.

ID=1641
EN=struma
def= goitre.

ID=1642
EN=stupor
def= partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness.

ID=1643
EN=subacute
def= somewhat acute; between acute and chronic.

ID=1644
EN=subarachnoid
def= situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

ID=1645
EN=subcapsular
def= situated below a capsule.

ID=1646
EN=subclinical
def= without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality.

ID=1647
EN=subconjunctival
def= situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva.

ID=1648
EN=subcuticular
def= situated beneath the epidermis, subepidermal.

ID=1649
EN=subjective
Etimol=(L. subjectivus)
def=  pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual, not perceptible to the senses of another person.

ID=1650
EN=sublingual
def= located beneath the tongue.

ID=1651
EN=substance
Etimol=(L. substantia)
def=  the material constituting an organ or body; called also substantia (NA).

ID=1652
EN=substitution
Etimol=(L. substitutio, from sub under + statuere to place)
def= =1. the act of putting one thing in the place of another, especially the chemical replacement of one element or radical by some other.
	=2. a defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable.

ID=1653
EN=substrate
Etimol=(L. sub under + stratum layer)
def=  a substance upon which an enzyme acts.

ID=1654
EN=superinfection
def= a new infection complicating the course of antimicrobial therapy of an existing infectious process, and resulting from invasion by bacteria or fungi resistant to the drug(s) in use. It may occur at the site of the original infection or at a remote site.

ID=1655
EN=supervision
def= the act, process, or occupation of supervising : direction, inspection, and critical evaluation: oversight, superintendence.

ID=1656
EN=supination
Etimol=(L. supinatio)
def=  the act of assuming the supine position, or the state of being supine. Applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward (anteriorly) or upward, performed by lateral rotation of the forearm. Applied to the foot, it generally implies movements resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot, hence of the longitudinal arch.

ID=1657
EN=supplement
def= something that supplies a want or make an addition : something that completes, adds a finishing touch, or brings closer to completion or a desired state.

ID=1658
EN=suppository
Etimol=(L. suppositorium)
def=  a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol.

ID=1659
EN=suppressive
def= tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms.








ID=1660
EN=suppuration
Etimol=(L. sub under + puris pus)
def=  the formation of pus; the act of becoming converted into and discharging pus.

ID=1661
EN=supraventricular
def= situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node.

ID=1662
EN=surdity
Etimol=(L. surditas)
def=  deafness.

ID=1663
EN=surgical
def= of, pertaining to, or correctable by surgery.

ID=1664
EN=suspension
Etimol=(L. suspensio)
def= =1. a condition of temporary cessation, as of animation, of pain, or of any vital process.
	=2. a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid vehicle before it is used, or already incorporated in such a vehicle.

ID=1665
EN=sympathetic
Etimol=(Gr. sympathtikos)
def= =1. pertaining to, caused by, or exhibiting sympathy.
	=2. a sympathetic nerve or the sympathetic nervous system.

ID=1666
EN=sympathomimetic
Etimol=(sympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative)
def= =1. mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system.
	=2. an agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic.

ID=1667
EN=symptom
Etimol=(L. symptoma; Gr. symptoma anything that has befallen one)
def=  any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e. such evidence as perceived by the patient; a change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily or mental state.

ID=1668
EN=symptomatic
Etimol=(Gr. symptomatikos)
def= =1. pertaining to or of the nature of a symptom.
	=2. indicative (of a particular disease or disorder).
	=3. exhibiting the symptoms of a particular disease but having a different cause.
	=4. directed at the allying of symptoms, as symptomatic treatment.

ID=1669
EN=symptomatology
def= =1. that branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms.
	=2. the combined symptoms of a disease.

ID=1670
EN=synaptic
def= pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis).

ID=1671
EN=syncope
def= a temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon.

ID=1672
EN=syndrome
Etimol=(Gr. syndrom concurrence)
def=  a set of symptoms which occur together; the sum of signs of any morbid state; a symptom complex. In genetics, a pattern of multiple malformations thought to be pathogenetically related).

ID=1673
EN=synergistic
def= acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent.

ID=1674
EN=synovial
Etimol=(L. synovialis)
def=  of pertaining to, or secreting synovia.

ID=1675
EN=synovitis
def= inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc.

ID=1676
EN=synthesis
Etimol=(Gr. 'a putting together, composition')
def= =1. the artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials.
	=2. in psychiatry, the integration of the various elements of the personality; the opposite of analysis.

ID=1677
EN=systematic
Etimol=(Gr. systmatikos)
def=  pertaining or according to a system.

ID=1678
EN=systemic
def= pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole.

ID=1679
EN=systolic
Etimol=(of blood pressure)
def=  indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.








ID=1680
EN=tachyarrhythmia
Etimol=(tachy- + a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm)
def=  tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm.

ID=1681
EN=tachycardia
Etimol=(tachy- + Gr. kardia heart)
def=  excessive rapidity in the action of the heart; the term is usually applied to a heart rate above 100 per minute and may be qualified as atrial, junctional (nodal), or ventricular, and as paroxysmal.

ID=1682
EN=tachyphylaxis
Etimol=(tachy- + Gr. phylaxis protection)
def= =1. rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses.
	=2. rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses.

ID=1683
EN=tardive
Etimol=(Fr. 'tardy, late')
def=  marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing.

ID=1684
EN=telangiectasia
def= (tele-(1) + ectasia) permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules), creating small focal red lesions, usually in the skin or mucous membranes. Called also telangiectasis.

ID=1685
EN=tendency
def= a presumptive course of future behaviour in continuation of observed acts and attitudes.

ID=1686
EN=tendinitis
def= inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments.

ID=1687
EN=tenesmus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. teinesmos)
def=  straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination.

ID=1688
EN=tenosynovitis
def= inflammation of a tendon sheath.

ID=1689
EN=tensio-active
def= having an effect on surface tension.

ID=1690
EN=tension
Etimol=(L. tensio; Gr. tonos)
def= =1. the act of stretching.
	=2. the condition of being stretched or strained; the degree to which anything is stretched or strained.
	=3. voltage.
	=4. the partial pressure of a gas in a fluid, e.g., of oxygen in blood.

ID=1691
EN=teratogenic
def= tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster).

ID=1692
EN=teratologic, teratological
def= pertaining to teratology (= division of embryology and pathology which deals with abnormal development and congenital malformations.

ID=1693
EN=terminal
Etimol=(L. terminalis)
def= =1. forming or pertaining to an end; placed at the end.
	=2. a termination, end, or extremity.

ID=1694
EN=test
def= =1. a significant chemical reaction.
	=2. a reagent. For specific test.

ID=1695
EN=testicular
def= pertaining to a testis.

ID=1696
EN=tetanus
Etimol=(Gr. tetanos, from tenein to stretch)
def= =1. an acute, often fatal infectious disease caused by the anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani; the agent most often enters the body through contaminated puncture wounds(e.g. those caused by metal nails, wood splinters, or insect bites), although other portals of entry include burns, surgical wounds, cutaneous ulcers, injections sites of drug abusers, the umbilical stump of neonates (t; neonatorum), and the postpartum uterus.
	=2. physiological tetanus; a state of sustained muscular contraction without periods of relaxation caused by repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve trunk at frequencies so high that individual muscle twitches are fused and cannot be distinguished from one another; called also tonic spasm and tetany.

ID=1697
EN=tetany
def= =1. hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements.
	=2. tetanus.

ID=1698
EN=thalamus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. thalamos inner chamber)
def=  (NA) either of two large, ovoid masses, consisting chiefly of grey substance, situated one on each side of and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. It is divided into two major parts : dorsal and ventral, each of which contains many nuclei.

ID=1699
EN=theoretical
def= of, pertaining to, or consisting in theory; not practical (distinguished from applied).








ID=1700
EN=therapeutic
Etimol=(Gr. therapeutikos inclined to serve)
def= =1. pertaining to therapeutics, or to the art of healing.
	=2. curative.

ID=1701
EN=therapy
Etimol=(Gr. therapeia service done to the sick)
def=  the treatment of disease; therapeutics.

ID=1702
EN=thermal
def= pertaining to or characterized by heat.

ID=1703
EN=thermoregulation
def= heat regulation.

ID=1704
EN=thoracic
Etimol=(L. thoracicus; Gr. thorakikos)
def=  pertaining to or affecting the chest.

ID=1705
EN=thrombocytopenia
Etimol=(thrombocyte + Gr. penia poverty)
def=  decrease in the number of blood platelets.

ID=1706
EN=thrombocytosis
def= increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood.

ID=1707
EN=thromboembolism
def= obstruction of a blood vessel with thrombotic material carried by the blood stream from the site of origin to plug another vessel.

ID=1708
EN=thrombolytic
def= =1. dissolving or splitting up a thrombus.
	=2. a thrombolytic agent.

ID=1709
EN=thrombophlebitis
Etimol=(thrombo- + Gr. phleps vein + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation.

ID=1710
EN=thrombosis
Etimol=(Gr. thrombosis)
def=  the formation, development, or presence of a thrombus.

ID=1711
EN=thrombus
Etimol=(Gr. thrombos clot)
def=  an aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. Cf. embolism.

ID=1712
EN=thyrostatic
def= antithyroid agent.

ID=1713
EN=thyrotoxicosis
def= the condition resulting from presentation to the tissues of excessive quantities of the thyroid hormones, whether the excess results from overproduction by the thyroid gland (as in Graves' disease), originated outside the thyroid, or is due to loss of storage function and leakage from the gland.

ID=1714
EN=tic
def= an involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders.

ID=1715
EN=tinea pedis
def= tinea involving the feet, particularly the interdigital spaces and soles, most often caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum, and characterized by intensely pruritic lesions varying from mild, chronic, and scaling to acute exfoliative, pustular and bullous.

ID=1716
EN=tinnitus
Etimol=(L. 'a ringing')
def=  a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, etc. Such sounds may at times be heard by others than the patient.

ID=1717
EN=titre
Etimol=(Fr. titre standard)
def=  the quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance.

ID=1718
EN=tolerance
Etimol=(L. tolerantia)
def= =1. the ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin.
	=2. acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response.

ID=1719
EN=tomography
Etimol=(tomo- + Gr. graphein to write)
def=  the recording of internal body images at a predetermined plane by means of the tomograph; called also body section roentgenography.








ID=1720
EN=tone
Etimol=(Gr. tonos; L. tonus)
def= =1. the normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus.
	=2. a particular quality of sound or of voice.
	=3. to make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal.

ID=1721
EN=tonic
Etimol=(Gr. tonikos)
def= =1. producing and restoring the normal tone.
	=2. characterized by continuous tension.
	=3. a term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue.

ID=1722
EN=tonsillitis
Etimol=(L. tonsilla tonsil + -itis)
def=  inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils.

ID=1723
EN=tophus
Etimol=(L. 'porous stone')
def=  a chalky deposit of sodium urate occurring in gout; tophi form most often around joints in cartilage, bone, bursae, and subcutaneous tissue and in the external ear, producing a chronic foreign-body inflammatory response.

ID=1724
EN=topical
Etimol=(Gr. topikos)
def=  pertaining to a particular surface area, as a topical anti-infective applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied.

ID=1725
EN=torsades de pointes
Etimol=(Fr. 'fringe of pointed tips')
def=  an atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia with periodic waxing and waning of amplitude of the QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram; it may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.

ID=1726
EN=torsion
Etimol=(L. torsio, from torquere to twist)
def= =1. a type of mechanical stress, whereby the external forces (load) twist an object about its axis.
	=2. in ophthalmology any rotation of the vertical corneal meridians.

ID=1727
EN=torticollis
Etimol=(L. tortus twisted + collum neck)
def=  wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head.

ID=1728
EN=toxaemia
Etimol=(toxin + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
def= =1. the condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream.
	=2. a condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy.

ID=1729
EN=toxic
def= pertaining to, due to, or of the nature of a poison or toxin; manifesting the symptoms of severe infection.

ID=1730
EN=toxicity
def= the quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison.

ID=1731
EN=toxicologic
def= pertaining to toxicology.

ID=1732
EN=toxicomania
Etimol=(NL, Fr. toxic + mania)
def=  addiction to a drug (as opium or cocaine).

ID=1733
EN=toxin
Etimol=(Gr toxikon arrow poison, from Gr. toxikos of or for a bow)
def=  a poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity.

ID=1734
EN=toxoplasmosis
Etimol=(toxo- + plasma + -osis)
def=  an acute or chronic, widespread disease of animals and humans caused by the obligate intracellular protozoon Toxoplasma gondii, transmitted by oocysts containing the pathogen in the feces of cats (the definitive host), usually by contaminated soil, direct exposure to infected feces, tissue cysts in infected meat, or tachyzoites (proliferating forms) in blood.

ID=1735
EN=tracheitis
def= inflammation of the trachea.

ID=1736
EN=trachoma
Etimol=(Gr. trachoma roughness)
def=  a chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea, producing photophobia, pain, and lacrimation, caused by an organism once thought to be a virus but now classified as a strain of the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.

ID=1737
EN=tract
Etimol=(L. tractus)
def=  a region, principally one of some length; specifically a collection or bundle of nerve fibres having the same origin, function, and termination (tractus (NA)), or a number of organs, arranged in series, subserving a common function.

ID=1738
EN=tranquillizer
Etimol=(L. tranquillus quiet, calm + -ize verb ending meaning to make + - er agent)
def=  a drug with a calming, soothing effect.

ID=1739
EN=transaminase
def= aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins.








ID=1740
EN=transcutaneous
def= transdermal.

ID=1741
EN=transdermal
def= entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form.

ID=1742
EN=transfer
Etimol=(trans- + L. ferre to carry)
def=  the conveyance of something from one place to another.

ID=1743
EN=transformation
Etimol=(trans- + L. formatio formation)
def=  change of form or structure; conversion from one form to another. In oncology, the change that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant. In eukaryotes, the conversion of normal cells to malignant cells in cell culture.

ID=1744
EN=transfusion
Etimol=(L. transfusio)
def=  the introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. Cf. infusion.

ID=1745
EN=transit
def= an act, process, or instance of passing or journeying across, through, or over.

ID=1746
EN=transitory
def= marked by the quality of passing away : evanescent, transient; of brief duration : existing momentarily : temporary.

ID=1747
EN=transmission
Etimol=(trans- + L. missio a sending)
def= =1. a passage or transfer, as of a disease from one individual to another, or of neutral impulses from one neuron to another.
	=2. the communication of inheritable qualities from parent to offspring

ID=1748
EN=transplantation
Etimol=(trans- + L. plantare to plant)
def=  the grafting of tissues taken from the patient's own body or from another.

ID=1749
EN=transurethral
def= performed through the urethra.

ID=1750
EN=traumatic
Etimol=(L. traumaticus from Gr. traumaticos, from trauma wound + -ikos - ic)
def=  : of, relating to, or resulting from a trauma ( = wound or injury, whether physical or psychic).

ID=1751
EN=tremor
Etimol=(L.; from tremere to shake)
def=  an involuntary trembling or quivering.

ID=1752
EN=tricyclic
def= containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure.

ID=1753
EN=trigger zone
def= dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain).

ID=1754
EN=trismus
Etimol=(Gr. trismos grating, grinding)
def=  motor disturbance of the trigeminal nerve, especially spasm of the masticatory muscles , with difficulty in opening the mouth; a characteristic early symptom of tetanus. Called also lockjaw.

ID=1755
EN=trivalent
Etimol=(tri- + L. valens powerful)
def=  having a valence of three.

ID=1756
EN=trophic
Etimol=(Gr. trophikos)
def=  of or pertaining to nutrition.

ID=1757
EN=tube
Etimol=(L. tubus)
def=  an elongated hollow cylindrical organ or instrument.

ID=1758
EN=tubercular
def= of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules.

ID=1759
EN=tuberculostatic
def= inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.








ID=1760
EN=tubular
Etimol=(L. tubularis)
def=  shaped like a tube; of or pertaining to a tubule.

ID=1761
EN=tumour
Etimol=(L.; from tumere to swell)
def= =1. swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement.
	=2. a new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm.

ID=1762
EN=turnover
def= the movement of something into, through, and out of a place; the rate at which a thing is depleted and replaced.

ID=1763
EN=tympanum
Etimol=(L.; Gr. tympanon drum)
def= =1. loosely, the tympanic membrane (membrana tympani (NA)).
	=2. the tympanic cavity (cavitas tympanica (NA)).

ID=1764
EN=ulcer
Etimol=(L. ulcus; Gr. helkosis)
def=  a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue; which is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.

ID=1765
EN=ulceration
Etimol=(L. ulceratio)
def= =1. the formation or development of an ulcer.
	=2. an ulcer.

ID=1766
EN=ulcerogenic
def= causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers.

ID=1767
EN=ulcus cruris
def= ulcer of the foot

ID=1768
EN=uniform
def= marked by lack of variation, diversity, change in form, degree, or character in all occurrences or manifestations.

ID=1769
EN=unilateral
Etimol=(uni- + L. latus side)
def=  affecting but one side.

ID=1770
EN=unitdose
def= occurring in, or using a single dose, seen as a standard of measurement.

ID=1771
EN=uraemia
Etimol=(Gr. ouron urine + haima blood + -ia)
def= =1. an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia.
	=2. in current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances.

ID=1772
EN=urethritis
def= inflammation of the urethra.

ID=1773
EN=urgency
def= the sudden compelling urge to urinate.

ID=1774
EN=uricosuric
def= =1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine).
	=2. an agent that promotes uricosuria.

ID=1775
EN=urinary
def= pertaining to the urine; containing or secreting urine.

ID=1776
EN=urogenital
def= pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary.

ID=1777
EN=urography
def= roentgenography of a part of the urinary tract which has been rendered opaque by some opaque medium.

ID=1778
EN=urticaria
def= Pathology: a transient condition of the skin, usually caused by an allergic reaction, characterized by pale or reddened irregular, elevated patches and severe itching; hives.

ID=1779
EN=uterus
Etimol=(L.; Gr. hystera)
def=  (NA) the hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the fertilized ovum normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. In the nongravid human, it is a pear-shaped structure; about 3 inches in length, consisting of a body, fundus, isthmus, and cervix. Its cavity opens into the vagina below, and into the uterine tube on either side at the cornu. It is supported by direct attachment to the vagina and by indirect attachment to various other nearby pelvic structures. Called also metra.








ID=1780
EN=uveitis
def= an inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina).

ID=1781
EN=vaccination
Etimol=(L. vacca cow)
def=  the introduction of vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity. Coined originally to apply to the injection of smallpox vaccine, the term has come to mean any immunizing procedure in which vaccine is injected.

ID=1782
EN=vaccine
Etimol=(L. vaccinus)
def=  a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae), administered for the prevention, amelioration or treatment of infectious diseases.

ID=1783
EN=vaccinia
Etimol=(L., from vacca cow)
def=  the cutaneous and sometimes systemic reactions associated with vaccination with smallpox vaccine.

ID=1784
EN=vagal
def= pertaining to the vagus nerve.

ID=1785
EN=vaginal
def= =1. of the nature of a sheath; ensheathing.
	=2. pertaining to the vagina.
	=3. pertaining to the tunica vaginalis testis.

ID=1786
EN=vagolytic
def= having an effect resembling that produced by interruption of impulses transmitted by the vagus nerve; parasympatholytic.

ID=1787
EN=vagotonia
Etimol=(vagus + Gr. tonos tension + -ia)
def=  hyperexcitability of the vagus nerve; a condition in which the vagus nerve dominates in the general functioning of the body organs. It is marked by vasomotor instability, constipation, sweating, and involuntary motor spasms with pain.

ID=1788
EN=validity
def= =1. the extent to which a measurement, test, or study measures what it purports to measure.
	=2. occasionally, accuracy (q.v.).

ID=1789
EN=valvula
Etimol=(L., dim of valva)
def=  a small valve; once used in official nomenclature as a general term to designate a valve, such as in the heart, but in NA restricted to designation of a cusp of the aortic valve of the valve of the pulmonary trunk, or the valves of the anus, foramen ovale, navicular fossa, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, or of the lymphatic vessels and veins.

ID=1790
EN=variability
def= the state of being variable.

ID=1791
EN=variation
def= in genetics, deviation in characters in an individual from those typical of the group to which it belongs; also, deviation in characters of the offspring from those of its parents.

ID=1792
EN=varicella
def= chicken pox.

ID=1793
EN=varicose vein
def= an abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs.

ID=1794
EN=vascular
def= pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply.

ID=1795
EN=vasculitis
Etimol=(L. vasculum vessel + -itis)
def=  inflammation of a vessel, angiitis.

ID=1796
EN=vasoactive
def= exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels.

ID=1797
EN=vasoconstriction
def= the diminution of the calibre of vessels, especially constriction of arterioles leading to decreased blood flow to a part.

ID=1798
EN=vasodilatation
def= a state of increased calibre of the blood vessels.

ID=1799
EN=vasomotor
Etimol=(vaso- + L. motor mover)
def= =1. affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel.
	=2. any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel.








ID=1800
EN=vasopressor
def= =1. stimulating contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries.
	=2. an agent that stimulates contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries.

ID=1801
EN=vegetative
def= =1. concerned with growth and with nutrition.
	=2. functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system.
	=3. resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication.
	=4. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants.

ID=1802
EN=vehicle
Etimol=(L. vehiculum)
def= =1. an excipient.
	=2. any medium through which an impulse is propagated.

ID=1803
EN=venereal
Etimol=(L. venereus)
def=  pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact.

ID=1804
EN=venous
Etimol=(L. venosus)
def=  of or pertaining to the veins.

ID=1805
EN=ventilation
Etimol=(L. ventilatio)
def= =1. in respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place.
	=2. in psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems.

ID=1806
EN=ventral
Etimol=(L. ventralis)
def= =1. pertaining to the belly or to any venter.
	=2. denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy.

ID=1807
EN=ventricular
def= pertaining to a ventricle.

ID=1808
EN=vertebral
Etimol=(L. vertebralis)
def=  of or pertaining to a vertebra.

ID=1809
EN=vertigo
Etimol=(L. vertigo)
def=  an illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness.

ID=1810
EN=vesicular
Etimol=(L. vesicula a little bladder)
def= =1. composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies.
	=2. pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin.

ID=1811
EN=vestibular
Etimol=(L. vestibularis)
def=  pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth.

ID=1812
EN=vial
Etimol=(Gr. phial)
def=  a small bottle.

ID=1813
EN=vigilance
Etimol=(L. vigilantia)
def=  wakefulness; watchfulness; arousal.

ID=1814
EN=viral
def= pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus.

ID=1815
EN=virilization
def= the induction or development of male secondary sec characters, especially the induction of such changes in the female, including enlargement of the clitoris, growth of facial and body hair, development of a hairline typical of the male forehead, stimulation of secretion and proliferation of the sebaceous glands (often with acne), and deepening of the voice. Called also masculinization)

ID=1816
EN=visceral
Etimol=(L. visceralis)
def= , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus.

ID=1817
EN=viscosity
def= a physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces.

ID=1818
EN=vision
Etimol=(L. visio, from vidre to see)
def= =1. the act or faculty of seeing; sight.
	=2. an apparition; a subjective sensation of vision not elicited by actual visual stimuli.
	=3. visual acuity; symbol V.

ID=1819
EN=visual
Etimol=(L. visualis, from videre to see)
def=  pertaining to vision or sight.








ID=1820
EN=vital capacity
def= the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to the duration of expiration; it is equal to the inspiratory capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume.

ID=1821
EN=vitreous
def= glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum (NA)).

ID=1822
EN=voluntary
Etimol=(L. voluntas will)
def=  accomplished in accordance with the will.

ID=1823
EN=vomitus
def= =1. vomiting.
	=2. matter vomited.

ID=1824
EN=vulval, vulvar
def= pertaining to the vulva.

ID=1825
EN=vulvovaginitis
def= inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands.

ID=1826
EN=withdrawal
def= =1. a pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders.
	=2. (DSM III-R) a substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication.

ID=1827
EN=xanthoma
Etimol=(xanth- + -oma)
def=  a tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma.

ID=1828
EN=xanthopsia
Etimol=(xantho- + Gr. opsis vision + -ia)
def=  a form of chromatopsia in which objects looked at appear yellow.

ID=1829
EN=xerophthalmia
Etimol=(xero- + Gr. ophthalmos eye + -a)
def=  dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. The condition begins with night blindness and conjunctival xerosis and progresses to corneal xerosis, and, in the late stages, to keratomalacia.

ID=1830
EN=xerostomia
Etimol=(xero- + Gr. stoma mouth + -ia)
def=  dryness of the mouth from salivary gland dysfunction, as in Sjögren's syndrome.